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 Basic Scaffolding

What Is A Scaffold?

An elevated, temporary work platform.

Three basic types:

Supported scaffolds -- platforms supported by rigid,

load bearing members, such as poles, legs, frames, &
outriggers

Suspended scaffolds -- platforms suspended by ropes

or other non-rigid, overhead support

Aerial Lifts -- such as “cherry pickers” or “boom

trucks”
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 Supported Scaffolds
A platforms
supported
by rigid,
load
bearing
members,
such as
poles, legs,
frames, &
outriggers

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 Suspended Scaffolds
A platforms
suspended
by ropes or
other non-
rigid,
overhead
support.

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 Aerial Lifts

A such as
“cherry
pickers” or
“boom
trucks”. An
equipment
used in lifting
workers.

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 Safety Belts, Harnesses, and
Lanyards

What should you know about the protection?

If you are at risk for falling two meters or more at your

workplace, you should wear the appropriate fall
protection equipment.

If the fall protection is required, establish a complete

fall protection program if one is not in place. The
program should include the training of workers and the
selection, fit testing, maintenance and inspection of
the equipment.

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 Fall Protection
When working at
heights greater than 6
feet:
1-Perform a
comprehensive facility
survey to identify fall
hazards.
2-Discuss with
employees current
means of fall
protection.

FALL PROTECTION: SLIPS, TRIPS, AND FALLS

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INJURY PREVENTION
 You take hundreds of
steps every day, but
how many of those
steps do you take
seriously? By taking a
few minutes to
understand how slips,
trips, and falls
happen, you can
prevent needless and
painful injuries.

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 What should you know about hardware
(forged steel snaps, "D" rings)?

• Inspect hardware for cracks or other defects. Replace the belt if the
"D" ring is not at a 90° angle and does not move vertically
independent of the body pad or "D" saddle.
• Inspect tool loops and belt sewing for broken or stretched loops.
• Check bag rings and knife snaps to see that they are secure and
working properly. Check tool loop rivets. Check for thread separation
or rotting, both inside and outside the body pad belt.
• Inspect snaps for hook and eye distortions, cracks, corrosion, or
pitted surfaces. The keeper (latch) should be seated into the snap
nose without binding and should not be distorted or obstructed. The
keeper spring should exert sufficient force to close the keeper firmly.

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 What should you know about hardware
(forged steel snaps, "D" rings)?

Check bag rings and knife snaps

to see that they are secure and
working properly. Check tool
loop rivets. Check for thread
separation or rotting, both
inside and outside the body pad
belt.
 Inspect snaps for hook and eye
distortions, cracks, corrosion, or
pitted surfaces. The keeper
(latch) should be seated into
the snap nose without binding
and should not be distorted or
obstructed. The keeper spring
should exert sufficient force to
close the keeper firmly.

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 What should you look for during the safety strap
inspection?

Inspect for cut fibers or

damaged stitches inch
by inch by flexing the
strap in an inverted "U."
Note cuts, frayed areas
or corrosion damage.
 Check friction buckle for
slippage and sharp
buckle edges.
 Replace when tongue
buckle holes are
excessively worn or
elongated. 11
 How do you inspect the buckle?
Inspect for loose, distorted or broken grommets. Do not
cut or punch additional holes in waist strap or strength
members.
 Check belt without grommets for torn or elongated holes
that could cause the buckle tongue to slip.
Inspect the buckle for distortion and sharp edges. The
outer and center bars must be straight.
Carefully check corners and attachment points of the
center bar. They should overlap the buckle frame and
move freely back and forth in their sockets.
Check that rivets are tight and cannot be moved. The
body side of the rivet base and outside rivet burr should
be flat against the material. Make sure the rivets are not
bent.
 Inspect for pitted or cracked rivets that show signs of
chemical corrosion.
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 How do you inspect the rope?

• Rotate the rope lanyard and

inspect from end to end for
fuzzy, worn, broken or cut
fibers. Weakened areas have
noticeable changes in the
original rope diameter.
• Replace when the rope
diameter is not uniform
throughout, following a short
break-in period.
• The older a rope is and the
more use it gets, the more
important testing and
inspection become. 13
 What should you know about hardware (forged steel snaps,
"D" rings)?

• Inspect hardware for cracks or other defects. Replace the belt if

the "D" ring is not at a 90° angle and does not move vertically
independent of the body pad or "D" saddle.
• Inspect tool loops and belt sewing for broken or stretched loops.
• Check bag rings and knife snaps to see that they are secure and
working properly. Check tool loop rivets. Check for thread
separation or rotting, both inside and outside the body pad belt.
• Inspect snaps for hook and eye distortions, cracks, corrosion, or
pitted surfaces. The keeper (latch) should be seated into the snap
nose without binding and should not be distorted or obstructed.
The keeper spring should exert sufficient force to close the
keeper firmly.

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What should you look for during the safety strap inspection?

• Inspect for cut fibers or damaged stitches inch by inch by

flexing the strap in an inverted "U." Note cuts, frayed areas or
corrosion damage.
• Check friction buckle for slippage and sharp buckle edges.
• Replace when tongue buckle holes are excessively worn or
elongated.

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 How do I clean my equipment?

Basic care prolongs the life of the unit and contributes to

its performance.
• Wipe off all surface dirt with a sponge dampened in
plain water. Rinse the sponge and squeeze it dry. Dip
the sponge in a mild solution of water and commercial
soap or detergent. Work up a thick lather with a
vigorous back and forth motion.
• Rinse the webbing in clean water.
• Wipe the belt dry with a clean cloth. Hang freely to dry.
• Dry the belt and other equipment away from direct
heat, and out of long periods of sunlight.
• Store in a clean, dry area, free of fumes, sunlight or
corrosive materials and in such a way that it does not
warp or distort the belt. 16
 Fall arrest systems

These systems are designed,

not to necessarily prevent
a fall, but to stop a fall
once initiated. At a
minimum, they must be
rigged so that the
employee will not free fall
more than six feet, nor
contact any lower level.
They include:
 Personal fall arrest
systems
 Safety nets
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 Fall arrest systems

These guidelines focus

primarily on the
requirements of the
equipment used as
personal fall arrest and
fall restraint systems
including:
 lifelines,
 body belts (may be used
only for fall restraint),
 harnesses, and
 lanyards.
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Scaffolding and inspection

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 Hazards
Employees working on scaffolds are exposed to these
hazards:

 Falls from elevation – caused by

slipping, unsafe access, and the
lack of fall protection
 Struck by falling tools / debris
 Electrocution – from overhead
power lines.
 Scaffold collapse - caused by
instability or overloading
 Bad planking giving way
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 Safety Requirements for
Scaffoldings

 An estimated 2.3 million workers deal

with scaffolding each year.

 More than 9500 workers injured and

80 killed in scaffolding – related
accidents.

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 Definitions

 Light Duty Scaffold: Designed to carry

working load not to exceed 25 pounds
per square foot.
 Medium Duty Scaffold: Designed to
carry a working load not to exceed 50
pounds per square foot.
 Heavy Duty Scaffold: Designed to
carry a working load not to exceed 75
pounds per square foot.
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 Continued
 Guardrail: a rail
secured to uprights
and erected along the
exposed sides and
ends of platforms.
 Maximum intended
load: the total of all
loads including the
working load, the
weight of the scaffold,
and such other loads
as may be reasonably
anticipated.

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General Requirements
 Scaffolds and their components
shall be capable of supporting
without failure at least four times
the maximum intended load.
 Unstable objects such as barrels,
boxes, loose bricks, concrete blocks
shall not be used to support
scaffolds or planks.

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General Requirements
 Nails or bolts used in the construction of
scaffolds shall be of adequate size and in
sufficient numbers at each connection.
Nails shall be driven full length.
 An access ladder or equivalent safe
access shall be provided.
 Employees shall not work on scaffolds
during storms or high winds.

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General Requirements
 Tools, materials, and debris shall
not be allowed to accumulate in
quantities to cause hazards.
 Wire or fiber rope used for scaffold
suspension shall be capable of
supporting at least six (6) times the
intended load.
 OSHA has determined a 10 – foot
fall protection for scaffolding.

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 General Requirements
 All planking or platforms shall be
overlapped (minimum 12 inches) or
secured from movement.
 Scaffolds cannot be erected, used ,
closer than 10 feet (3.1m) near
energized power lines.
 OSHA requires that scaffolding must
always be secured when height of the
scaffold exceeds four (4) times the
minimum base width.
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 General Requirements

All planking or
platforms shall
be overlapped
(minimum 12
inches) or
secured from
movement.

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General Requirements
 Guardrails not less than 2x4 inches and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches
high, with a mid rail and toe boards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds
more than 10 feet above the ground or floor.
Toe boards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
height.

 The entire scaffold shall be tied and securely

braced against the building at intervals not
to exceed 30 feet horizontally and 26 feet
vertically.

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Types of Scaffoldings
A- Frame Scaffolding
 The primary steel
scaffolding system.
 It is primarily for
rectangular jobs.
 It is relatively
simple and fast to
erect, provided the
surface is level,
and the access is
not restricted.

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B- Tube and Clamp
 To accommodate
jobs too difficult for
frame scaffolding,
because of the
obstruction, limited
access.
 Tube and clamp
requires much
greater expertise to
erect.
 Oil Refineries

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 C- Modular System Scaffolds
 The advantage that
modular systems
have over tube and
clamp is that they do
not require the high
degree of expertise .
 Once the base is set,
the erector does not
have to worry about
the location of
connections

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 D- Rolling Scaffolds
 When height to
minimum base
width ratio of the
scaffold exceeds
4:1, stabilizers are
required.
 Casters (brakes)
 Adjustable screws
with base plates.

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Foundations/Sills
 Base plates must be
placed under the legs.
 Use mudsill
continuous under both
legs of the scaffold.
The sill extends at
least 9 inches past the
center line of the leg
and be of 2inch x 10
inches lumber.

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Foundation Sills

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Bracing

 Bracing restricts
the amount of
side movement.
 The normal
interval is every
lock spacing
with frame
scaffolds, and
every 6.5 feet
for tube and
coupler or
system scaffold
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Ties
 It is essential that every scaffold be
adequately tied to the building
structure throughout its entire length
and height. If not, collapse of the
scaffold will occur.
 The bottom tie must be placed no
higher than four (4) times the minimum
base width and every 26 feet vertically
thereafter.
 Horizontal ties will be at intervals not to
exceed 30 feet.
 At least 50% of ties should be positive. 37
 Through Ties (+ve type)
 A tube is taken through any convenient opening, such as a
window, and coupled to a vertical or horizontal tubes

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 B- Reveal Ties (Not Positive)

 A tube is wedged into an opening in the wall by means of reveal

pin. A second tube is then fixed between this tube and the
scaffold to form the tie.

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 C- Box Ties (Positive Ties)

If there are columns close to the scaffold. Tie tubes

run both sides of the column, with cross tubes tied
back and front to both tie tubes.

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D- Anchor Bolt (Positive Type)

 A pull out force

of at least 800
lbs, 1200 lbs, and
1600 lbs is
necessary for
light, medium,
and heavy duty
scaffolds
respectively.
 They leave a hole
behind which has
to be repaired.
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Planking
 Wood scaffold planks
should be nominal 2
inches x 10 inches.
 Planking should extend
a minimum of 6 inches
over the center of each
support (unless cleated
to prevent the plank
from sliding) an a
maximum of 12 inches.

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 Planks
 Wood scaffold planks should be
nominal 2 inches x 10 inches.
 The maximum span for wood planks
should not exceed 8 feet.
 Span of 8 feet for 25 pounds per
square foot
 Span of 6 feet rated for 50 pounds per
square foot maximum.
 Gaps between adjacent planks or toe
boards should not exceed one (1) inch.
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Planks – Toe boards

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 Loads
 OSHA requires that a scaffold be designed
with a 4:1 safety factor.
 Light duty: 25 pounds per square foot
 Medium duty: 50 pounds per square foot
 Heavy Duty: 75 pounds per square foot.
 Material loads should be evenly
distributed on platform and not
concentrated in one small area.

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Scaffolds Near Power Lines
Scaffold – Power line clearance shall be a
minimum of 3 feet for insulated voltages
under 300 volts.

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Guardrail Protection

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Scaffolds

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Scaffolds

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Suspension Scaffolds

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Suspension Scaffolds

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Scaffolds

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Scaffolds

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Scaffolds

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Scaffolds

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Scaffolds

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Fall Protection

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Scaffolds

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Scaffolds

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