INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY CRIM 1
 MARK PATRICK L. NIGOS, RCrim
Top 2, Region 3 December 2022 CLE
ETYMOLOGY OF CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology is derived from the Latin word
“crimen” which means accusation and “logia/logos”
which means study. Therefore, criminology is the
study of accusation.
Rafaelle Garofalo, an Italian sociologist and one of
the lead personalities under the Positivist School of
Criminology coined the word “criminologia”.
Paul Topinard, a French anthropologist introduced
the French word “criminologie”.
ETYMOLOGY OF CRIMINOLOGY
In 20th century, the word “criminology” was
formally used by an English Sociologist named
Edwin Sutherland who became known as the
Dean of Criminology.
CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology is the study of crime based on the
philosophical and legal point of view. (CLASSICAL
CRIMINOLOGY)
Developed the concept of criminology as the study of
crimes and criminals based on the scientific approach
on crime causation. (POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY)
Focuses on the group of people and society as a
whole. Based on the examination of the relationship
of demographic and group variables to crime.
(SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY)
CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology is the entire body of knowledge
regarding crime as a social phenomenon. This
includes the study of the making of the laws,
the breaking of the laws, and the reactions of
the society towards the breaking of the laws.
(EDWIN SUTHERLAND & DONALD CRESSEY)
CRIMINOLOGY
Sutherland also developed a theory of crime
causation called “Differential Association
Theory” which states that criminal behaviors are
not inherited, they are learned in the process of
communication or association with different
kinds of persons.
Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding
delinquency and crime as social phenomena.
(CIRILO TRADIO)
CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology refers to the scientific study of
crimes, criminals and victims, it also deals with
the prevention and solution of crimes.
(REPUBLIC ACT 11131)
The scientific study of the causes of the crime
in relation to man and society who sets and
define rules and regulations for himself and
others to govern.
CRIMINOLOGY
Explores the origin, extent, and nature of crime
in society.
Interdisciplinary science that gathers and
analyzes data on various aspects of criminal,
delinquent, and general anti-social behavior.
VARIOUS SCIENCES IN CRIMINOLOGY
Study of law.
Science of medicine, chemistry and psychology.
Religion.
Education.
Social work involving sociology and psychology.
Public administration.
IMPORTANT AREAS OF INTEREST TO
CRIMINOLOGY
Development of Criminal Law and its use to
define crime.
The cause of law violation (causes of crimes
and development of criminals).
Method used to control criminal behavior.
Is criminology a science?
Criminology cannot become a science because it has
not yet acquired universal validity. (GEORGE WILKER)
Criminology will become a science in the future since
the causes of crime are almost the same which may be
biological, environmental and combination of the two.
(EDWIN SUTHERLAND & DONALD CRESSEY)
Criminology is not a perfect science. It is a science for
the causes of crimes are universally alike such as
biological, physical, psychological and economical.
(CIRILO TRADIO)
TURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY AS A SOCIAL SCIENCE
As crime is considered as a social phenomenon, it is
important to note that study of crimes requires that
the study of the human society thus, criminology is a
social science.
In fact, modern criminological research are based on
the principle of sociology as one of the external
factors contributing to the commission of a crime
aside from biological, psychological and others.
CRIMINOLOGY AS AN APPLIED SCIENCE

Study of crimes does not end with pure

intellectual discovery, it requires application of
the various fields of study in order to help in
policy making towards the creation of more
responsive programs for crime prevention as
well as in the solution of crimes in our society.
CRIMINOLOGY IS NATIONALISTIC
Crimes are defined by laws and in other countries by
common laws. In Philippines, crimes are defined
according to our law such as the criminal law.
Laws in different countries may varies depending on
their culture, belief, religion and others, as such
crimes in different countries may also varies.
In the Philippines, we follow the principle of “Nullum
Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege”.
CRIMINOLOGY IS DYNAMIC
As societal condition changes so with crimes. Modern
technology has brought a lot of changes in the way
people live. This innovation has also brought changes in
our laws thus, the concept of what crimes are also
changed.
In the old concept, criminologist focus on crimes and
criminals, but later some criminologist look upon the role
of the crime victims in the commission of crime which
they called victimology also known as the study of crime
target.
 CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Criminology focuses on  Criminal justice focuses
the study of origins of on the study of the
crime, its nature and various agencies of the
extent in society. government, as pillars
Criminologist concern of social control.
more of knowing the  Criminal jurist try its
underlying reason for
best to identify effective
crime.
measures to control
crime.
SION OF CRIMINOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
An attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under
which criminal laws has developed as a process of formal
or social control.
It study the role of the social force in the establishment or
creation of law and the effect of the criminal law in
shaping the society.
This is very important for learners to understand how
certain acts became a subject of legislation that classified
it as a crime and the benefits of this law to the society.
CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
An attempt at scientific analysis of the cause of
crime.
It is one of the broad divisions of criminology
that focus on crime causation, leading to the
development of various theories of crime
causation from the ancient to the present and
still counting for new theories are being
discovered as year passes by.
PENOLOGY
The division of criminology which deals with
punishment of crime and jail management.
It deals with the study of penalty as a form of social
reaction towards the commission of crime.
VELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR
CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY
The study of the relationship between
criminality and population.
Rawson W. Rawson link population density and
crime rates.
CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
The study of the relationship between
criminality and environment (milieu).
Henry Mayhem used empirical methods and an
ethnographic method to address social
questions and poverty.
CRIMINAL ECOLOGY
The study of criminality in relation to the spatial
distribution in a community.
CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
The study of the criminality in relation to
physical constitution of men.
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
The study of human behavior in relation to
criminality.
CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY
The study of criminality and human mind.
CRIMINAL POLITICS
 Integrated approach to the study of organized
crime, politics and violence.
 State organizes its fight against criminality.
VICTIMOLOGY
The study of the role of the victim in the
commission of a crime.
CRIMINOLOGY MAJOR
SUBJECTS RA 6506
CRIMINOLOGY (20%)
It includes the subject of Introduction to
Criminology, Theories of Crime Causation, Human
Behavior and Victimology, Professional Conduct and
Ethical Standards, Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile
Justice System, Dispute Resolution and Crisis
Management, and Criminological Research.
CRIMINAL LAW & JURISPRUDENCE (20%)
It includes the subject of Introduction to
Criminal Justice System, Human Rights
Education, Criminal Law 1 and 2, Criminal
Evidence and Criminal Procedure.
LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
(15%)
It encompasses the subject Police
Organization, Comparative Models in Policing,
Introduction to Industrial Security, Law
Enforcement Operations and Planning, and
Character Formation.
FORENSIC SCIENCE(15%)
It includes the subject of Personal
Identification, Forensic Photography, Forensic
Chemistry and Toxicology, Questioned
Document Examination, Forensic Lie Detection,
and Forensic Ballistics.
CRIME DETECTION & INVESTIGATION (20%)

It covers the subjects on Fundamentals of Crime

Investigation with Intelligence, Special Crime
Investigation with Legal Medicine, Special Crime
Investigation with Interview and Interrogation, Traffic
Management and Accident Investigation, Fire
Technology and Arson Investigation, Drug Education
and Vice Control, Technical English and Introduction to
Cybercrime and Environmental Laws.
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION (10%)
It deals with the study of custody, supervision,
rehabilitation and the reformation of convicted
offenders. It consists of the Institutional, Non-
Institutional Corrections and Therapeutic Modalities.
CRIMES & CRIMINALS
CRIME
CRIME (General term)- act or omission in violation of
public law forbidding or commanding it.
FELONY- crimes that are punishable by the Revised Penal
Code.
OFFENSE- crimes that are punishable by the Special
Penal Laws.
INFRACTIONS- acts that violates ordinances.
MISDEMEANOR- acts that are minor/petty crime.
SIN- acts that against the spiritual or divine law.
DELINQUENCY
Act not in conformity with the norms of society.
EXAMPLES OF DELINQUENCY
 Waywardness of children.
 Street corner gang.
 Children out of parental control.
 School drop outs without justifiable reasons.
ELEMENTS OF CRIME
DESIRE
Induces or pushes the person to commit the
crime.
OPPORTUNITY
Physical possibility that a crime can be
committed.
CAPABILITY
Ability to execute the crime.
THEORY OF THE ETIOLOGY OF CRIMINAL ACTS
Formulated by David Abrahamsen.
In explaining the birth of criminal behavior, we
must consider three factors: criminal tendency
(T), the total situation (S), and the person’s
mental and emotional resistance to temptation
(R).
THEORY OF THE ETIOLOGY OF CRIMINAL ACTS

Where:
C-Crime/Criminal Behavior (THE ACT)
T-Criminal Tendency (DESIRE/INTENT)
S-Total Situation (OPPORTUNITY)
R-Resistance to Temptation (CONTROL)
THEORY OF THE ETIOLOGY OF CRIMINAL ACTS
The formula shows that a person’s criminal
tendency and his resistance to them ma either
result in criminal act depending upon, which of
them is stronger. This means that a criminal
behavior exists when the person’s resistance is
insufficient to withstand the pressure of his
desire or intent and the opportunity.
Perspectives of Crime Causation.
M’NAGHTEN RULE
A defendant is not guilty of crime , if at the time
of the act, mental illness permits the actor from:
 Knowing what he is doing.
 Knowing that the act was wrong.
 CRIMINOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
CRIME
According to the result of crime
ACQUISITIVE CRIME
The offender gains/acquire something.
DESTRUCTIVE/EXTINCTIVE CRIME
Crimes that results in destruction, damage, or
death.
According to the time/period of commission

SEASONAL CRIME
Happen only during a particular season or
period of the year.
Ex. Violation of tax law.
SITUATIONAL CRIME
Committed when the situation is conducive to
the commission of the crime and there is an
opportunity to commit it.
According to the length of the time
of the commission
INSTANT CRIME
Crimes committed in short period of time.
EPISODIAL/EPISODIC CRIME
Crimes committed through the series of acts.
According to the place/location
STATIC CRIME
Crime committed only in one place.
CONTINUING CRIME
Crime that takes place in more than one place.
According to the used of mental faculties
RATIONAL CRIME
Crime that the offender knew what he is doing.
IRRATIONAL CRIME
Crime where the offender suffers from mental
disorders.
According to the type of offender
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
Committed by those persons belonging to the
upper socio-economic status or in the course of
his occupational activities.
BLUE COLLAR CRIME
Committed by ordinary criminals as means of
livelihood.
According to the standard of living
UPPER WORLD CRIME
Falsification cases.
UNDERWORLD CRIME
Bag snatching.
When does crime exist?
LEGAL VIEWPOINT
 When the person has been proven guilty by
the court.
SCIENTIFIC VIEWPOINT
 Crime exists when it is reported.
CRIMINOLOGIST VIEWPOINT
 Crime exists as soon it is committed.
Other types of crimes
BIAS CRIMES
 Directed toward a particular person or members.
HATE CRIMES
 Designed to terrorize or frighten people.
CORPORATE CRIMES
 Legal violation by corporate entity.
CRIME OF REDUCTION
 When the offended party experience loss.
Other types of crimes
CRIME OF REPRESSION
 Preventing a group of person to achieve something.
CYBER CRIME
 Used modern technology.
ECONOMIC CRIME
 Designed for financial gain.
ENTERPRISE CRIME
 Used of illegal tactics by a business to make profit in the
market place.
Other types of crimes
EXPRESSIVE CRIMES
 Crimes that have no purpose except to accomplish the
behavior.
INCHOATE CRIMES
 Incomplete or contemplated crimes such as criminal
solicitation or criminal attempts.
REACTIVE HATE CRIMES
 Perpetrators believe they are taking a defensive stand
against outsiders who they believe threaten their
community or way of life.
Other types of crimes
RETALIATORY HATE CRIMES
 Committed in response to a hate crime, real or
perceived.
STATUTORY CRIMES
 Defined by legislative bodies.
TRILL-SEEKING HATE CRIME
 Hatemongers who join forces to have fun by bashing
minorities or destroying property.
 Inflicting pain on others give a sadistic thrill.
Other types of crimes
CRIMES BY IMITATION
 Merely duplicating those done by others.
CRIMES BY PASSION
 Committed because of fit of great emotion.
SERVICE CRIMES
 Rendering service to satisfy the desire of another.
TRADITIONAL CRIMES
 Committed every now and then.
Other types of crimes
CRIMES DUE TO SOCIAL CHANGE
 Poverty crimes ex. Prostitution.
EMERGENCY CRIME
 Take advantage of the abnormal situation.
VICTIMLESS CRIME
 No intended victim.
CRIMES OF RAPE
ACQUAINTANCE RAPE
 Offender and victim are acquainted with one
another.
AGGRAVATED RAPE
 Rape involved multiple offenders, weapons
and victim injuries.
CRIMES OF RAPE
DATE RAPE
 Forcible sex during the courting relationship.
GANG RAPE
 Forcible sex involving multiple attacker.
MARITAL RAPE
 Forcible sex between people who are legally
married to each other.
CRIMES OF RAPE
SERIAL RAPE
 Multiple rapes committed by one person over
time.
STATUTORY RAPE
 Underage minor female and an adult male.
ANGER RAPE
 Express rage or anger.
CRIMES OF RAPE
POWER RAPE
 To express domination.
SADISTIC RAPE
 Combination of sexuality and aggression.
CRIMES OF KILLING
HOMICIDE
 Killing of a person by another person.
SORRORICIDE
 Killing of one’s own sister.
FRATRICIDE
 Killing of one’s own brother.
CRIMES OF KILLING
MATRICIDE
 Killing of a mother by her own child.
PATRICIDE
 Killing of a father by his own child.
PARRICIDE
 Killing of relative- parent, grandparent,
spouse, child.
CRIMES OF KILLING
INFANTICIDE
 Killing of a child less than 3 days old.
SUICIDE
 Taking one’s own life voluntarily.
UXORICIDE
 Act of one who murders his own wife.
CRIMES OF KILLING
REGICIDE
 Murder of a king.
VATICIDE
 Murder of a prophet.
ABORTICIDE
 The killing of a fetus inside the womb.
CRIMES OF KILLING
EUTHANASIA
 Mercy killing or painless death of a person
suffering from incurable disease.
ELDERCIDE
 Murder of a senior citizen.
CRIMES OF KILLING
INVOLUNTARY/NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER
 Occurs as a result of negligence.
VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER
 Committed in the heat of passion or during a
sudden quarrel.
CRIMES OF KILLING
MASS MURDER
 Killing of a large number of people in a single
incident.
MURDER
 Unlawful killing of a human being with
malicious intent and qualifying circumstances.
SERIAL MURDER
 Killing of a large number of people over time.
CRIMINAL
CRIMINAL

❑IN CRIMINOLOGICAL SENSE,

a person may be considered
criminal from the time he or
she committed the crime
regardless whether or not it
has been reported to the
police for investigation.
CRIMINAL
❑IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SENSE, a criminal may
be defined as one who
has undergone the
process and went
through all the pillars of
the Criminal Justice
System.
CRIMINAL

❑IN LEGAL SENSE, a person

may be considered
criminal only upon
undergoing in the Judicial
process and upon
determination by the court
that he or she is guilty
beyond reasonable doubt.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
CRIMINAL
According to Etiology
ACUTE CRIMINAL
 Crime as a result of a reaction to a
situation/anger.
CHRONIC CRIMINAL
 With intent and deliberate thinking.
NEUROTIC CRIMINAL
 One who has mental disorder.
 Psychic conflict.
According to Etiology
NORMAL CRIMINAL
 Commit crimes because he looks up to and
idolized people who are criminals.
 Identified himself to be criminal.
According to types of offender
ORDINARY CRIMINAL
 Do not require specialized or technical skill.
 Lowest form of criminal career.
ORGANIZED CRIMINAL
 Possesses some skills.
 High degree of organization.
According to types of offender
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
 Highly skilled criminal.
According to criminal activities
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
 Criminal who earns his living through criminal
activities.
SITUATIONAL CRIMINAL
 Criminal act because the situation presented
itself.
 Constantly in trouble with legal authorities.
According to criminal activities
HABITUAL CRIMINAL
One who repeatedly commits criminal act for
different reasons. (deficiency of intelligence)
ACCIDENTAL CRIMINAL
Violated law due to some unanticipated
circumstances.
Based on mental attitudes
ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE CRIMINALS
 Aggressive behavior.
PASSIVE INADEQUATE CRIMINALS
 Crime by inducement, reward or promises of
another.
SOCIALIZED DELINQUENTS
 Defective in their socialization.
Types of Violent Criminals
CULTURALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS
 Live in subculture in which violence is
acceptable problem-solving mechanism.
 Prevalent among lower income minorities from
slum environments of large central cities.
CRIMINALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS
 Offenders use violence as a means of
accomplishing criminal act, such as in robbery.
Types of Violent Criminals
PATHOLOGICALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS
 Mental illness or brain damage characterizes
the pathologically violent offenders.
SITUATIONAL VIOLENT OFFENDERS
 Commits acts of violence on rare occasions.
Types of Serial Killers
THRILL KILLERS
 Killers strive for either sexual sadism or
dominance.
 Most common form of a serial murder.
MISSION KILLERS
 Killers want to reform the world or have a
vision that drive them to kill.
Types of Serial Killers
EXPEDIENCE KILLERS
 Kill out for profit or want to protect themselves
from a perceived threat.
Types of Mass Murderer
REVENGE KILLERS
 Kill to get even.
LOVE KILLERS
 Motivated by warped sense of devotion.
PROFIT KILLERS
 Trying to cover up a crime.
Types of Mass Murderer
TERRORIST KILLERS
 Killers who are trying to send a message.
Categories of Rapist
NAÏVE GRASPERS
 Inexperienced youths.
 Hold high expectations.
MEANING STRETCHERS
 Misinterpreting woman’s expressions of
friendliness and affections.
Categories of Rapist
SEX LOOTERS
 Have a low desire for affection or low respect
for victim.
GROUP CONFORMERS/GROUP RAPE/GANG BANG
 Felt a sense of conformity.
 Notion demonstrating their masculinity.
THEORY
Derived from the Greek word “theoria” which
means “contemplation or speculation”.
Set of statements devised to explain behavior,
events or phenomenon, especially one that has
been repeatedly tested and widely accepted.
THEORIES OF CRIME
Refers to efforts to explain or understand the
crime causation.
TORY OF CRIMINOLOGY
PRE-CLASSICAL
CRIMINOLOGY
DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY
During the Pagan Age, person commits a crime
because he is possessed by demons.
People who violated social norms or religious
practices were believed to be witches or
possessed by demons.
The prescribed method for dealing with the
possessed was burning at the stake, a practice
that survived in the 17th century.
DIVINE WILL THEORY
God wants to punish the sinful and protect the
innocent.
RIGHT OF SANCTUARY- person who commit
crime seek refuge in temples and ask for
forgiveness from God.
LASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Crime is a product of situational forces; the crime
is function of free will and personal choice.
It emphasized that the purpose of punishment is
mainly to deter the occurrence of crime
(retribution).
The classical school of thought is a product of the
late 18th century in response to abuses of
authority and flaws in the Criminal Justice System.
FOUNDERS OF THE
CLASSICAL
CRIMINOLOGY
CESARE BONESANA MARCHESE DE
BECCARIA
Considered as the Father of
Classical Criminology and
Branded as the Cradle of
Criminology Education.
Italian criminologist and
economist who published a
book entitled “Dei Delitti e
Delle Poena” or “On Crimes
and Punishment” om 1764.
JEREMY BENTHAM
A jurist, political reformer
and the philosopher who
founded the concept of
utilitarianism- assumes
that all our actions are
calculated in accordance
with their likelihood of
bringing pleasure and pain.
JEREMY BENTHAM
Devised the Pseudo-
mathematical formula called
“felicific calculus” which
states that individuals are
human calculators who put
all the factors into an
equation in order to decide
whether a particular crime
is worth committing or not.
JEREMY BENTHAM
He reasoned that in
order to deter individuals
from committing crimes,
the punishment, or pain,
must be greater than the
satisfaction, or pleasure,
he would gain from
committing the crime.
JEREMY BENTHAM
Also developed the
“greatest happiness theory”
or “principle of utility” which
states that the greatest good
is what is good for the
majority of the people.
Designed the “panopticon
prison” from the word
“opticon” which means all
seeing.
Other pertinent information
HEDONISM
Person always acts in such a way to seek
pleasure and avoid pain.
UTILITARIANISM
Also called as Greatest Happiness
Principle/Principle of Utility.
What is right is the one that would cause the
greatest good for the greatest number of people.
MODERN OUTGROWTHS OF
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
DETERRENCE
The prevention of a certain acts through fear
or punishment.
JUST DESERT
Offenders deserve the punishment they
received at the hands of the law.
TYPES OF DETERRENCE
GENERAL DETERRENCE
Hinges on the fear of criminal penalties to public.
SPECIFIC DETERRENCE
Convince the convicted offenders not to repeat
their act.
ABSOLUTE DETERRENCE
People will not commit crime because of a formal
law being implemented.
ELEMENTS OF DETERRENCE
CELERITY -punishment must be swift to be
effective. Swift means occurring suddenly or
within a very short time.
CERTAINTY -no one may take as substitute for
the punishment of the one who violated the law.
SEVERITY- must be severe enough to outweigh
the rewards of the illegal action.
NEO-CLASSICAL
CRIMINOLOGY
NEO-CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Founded by William Blackstone.
This theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating
that free will of men may be affected by other factors
and crime is committed due to some compelling
reasons that prevail.
These causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or
any condition that will make it possible for the
individual to exercise free will entirely.
In the study of legal provisions, this is termed as either
mitigating or exempting circumstances.
SITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY
ELEMENTS OF POSITIVISM
The first is the belief that human behavior is a
function of the internal and external forces.
Some of these forces are social, such as the
effect of wealth and class, political and
historical such as war and famine, other forces
are more personal and psychological, such as
an individual’s brain or mental ability.
ELEMENTS OF POSITIVISM
The second aspect is embracing the scientific
method to solve problems. Positivists would agree
that an abstract concept such as “intelligence” exists
because it can be measured by an IQ test. They would
challenge a concept such as the “soul” because it is a
condition that cannot be verified by the scientific
method. The positivists tradition was popularized by
Charles Darwin whose worked on the evolution o man
encouraged a 19th century cult of science.
NDERS OF THE POSITIVIST
CRIMINOLOGY
AUGUST COMTE
Considered as the Father of
Sociology and Positivism.
Reinvented the French term
Sociologie.
A shift from philosophical to a
scientific perspective.
Positive theorists were the first
to claim the importance of
looking at individual difference
among criminals.
CHARLES DARWIN
Popularized the methods and
traditions of positivism.
Behavior is genetic and passed
down from one generation to
another.
Developed the theory of
“Evolution of Species” that God
did not make all the various
species of animals in 2 days, as
the biblical teaching does.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
People had evolved from lower forms of life over
millions of years through the process of adoptive
mutation and natural selection that later on led to his
conclusion that man was traced to have originated
from the animal of the anthropoid group called apes.
According to Darwin, human like other animals are
parasite. Man is an organism having an animalistic
behavior that is dependent on other animals for
survival.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Rooted in Darwin’s theory of natural selection,
which explains the existence of aggression and
violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors
in human evolution; these traits allowed their
bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which
had an effect on the human gene pool.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
These traits allowed their bearers to reproduce
disproportionately, which has had an effect on
human gene pool.
Criminal genetics passed down through
generation.
GIAMBATTISTA DELA PORTA
An Italian physicist who
founded the school of
human physiognomy which
deals with scientific
explanation of the
relationship between the
facial features of man to
his behavior.
JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER
Swiss theologian who
believed that people’s true
characteristics and
inclinations could be read
from their facial feature
with emphasis on the shape
of their ears, nose, and eyes
and the distances between
them in correlation to anti-
social behavior.
FRANZ JOSEPH GALL
A renowned neuro-anatomist
and physiologist and a
pioneer in the study of the
localization of mental
functions in the brain
developed cranioscopy – the
study of personality and
development of mental and
moral faculties based on the
external shape of the skull.
JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEIM
A German Phrenologist
and assistant to Gall who
concluded that the shape
of the skull and bumps on
the head are directly
related to criminal behavior
(Phrenology).
EARNEST HOOTON
Criminals are originally inferior
and that crimes is the result of
the impact of environment.
 TALL THIN MEN tend to commit
forgery and fraud.
 UNDERSIZED MEN are thieves
and burglar.
 SHORT HEAVY PERSON
commits assault, rape, and
other sex crimes.
CHARLES BUCKMAN GORING
He believed that criminal
traits can be passed from
parents to offspring through
the genes.
He proposed that
individuals who possess
criminal characteristics
should be prohibited from
having children.
SCHULSINGER
Found criminality in
adoptive boys to be higher
when biological fathers
had criminal records.
HUTCHINGS & MEDNICK
Studied 1,145 male
adoptees with criminal
records and found the
criminality of the biological
father was a major
predictor of the child’s
behavior.
FRANCIS GALTON
He developed “EUGENICS” or
the science of improving a
human population by
controlled breeding to
increase the occurrence of
desirable heritable
characteristics.
Developed largely as a
method of improving the
human race.
PHILIPPE PINEL
One of the founders of French
Psychiatry, claimed that some
people behave abnormally even
without being mentally ill.
He coined the phrase “manie
sans delire” to denote what
eventually was referred to as
“psychopathic personality”.
PSYCHOPATHS
Sociologist called as Sociopaths.
No sense of guilt and no subjective conscience.
No sense of right and wrong.
Difficulty in forming relationships with other
people.
They cannot relate to another people.
CYRIL BURT
Gave the Theory of
Emotionality.
An excess of the submissive
instinct account for tendency
of many criminals to be
weak-willed or easily led.
Fear and absconding may
due to the impulse of fear.
CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY
IDIOTS
Unable to guard themselves and mentally
compared to 2 years old.
IMBECILES
Mentally compared to 2 to 7 years old.
CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY
FEEBLE-MINDED PERSONS
Not amount to imbecility.
MORAL DEFECTIVENESS
Defect exist coupled with strong vicious or
criminal propensities.
HENRY MAUDSLEY
An English Physician who
believed that insanity and
criminal behavior were
strongly linked.
ALFRED BINET
Developed the 1st IQ
TEST.
Measured the capacity of
individual children to
perform tasks or some
problems.
CESARE LOMBROSO
Ezchia Marco “Cesare” Lombroso.
Known as the Father of Modern
and Empirical Criminology.
Studied the cadavers of executed
criminals in an effort to
scientifically determine whether
law violators were physically
different from people of
conventional values and behavior.
BORN CRIMINALS
According to Lombroso, they
inherited physical problems
that impelled them into a life
of crime.
The born criminals suffer from
“atavistic anomalies”
physically they are
throwbacks to more primitive
times when people were
savages.
ATAVISM
 Also called as
Throwbacks.
 The return of a trait or
reappearance of previous
behavior after a period of
absence.
 The person did not fully
revolved.
ATAVISTIC STIGMATA
 Physical features of creatures at an earlier
stage of development.
 Criminals are distinguished to non criminals
due to this concept.
 Supported the idea that a criminal is a
biologically and physically inferior person.
 Criminals usually possess huge jaws and strong
canine teeth; arm span is greater than height.
OTHER PHYSICAL STIGMATA
 Excessive dimensions of the jaw and cheekbones.
 Eye defects and peculiarities.
 Ears of unusual size.
 Nose twisted.
 Upturned or flattened in thieves.
 Fleshy lips.
 Swollen and protruding lips.
 Pouches in the cheek like those of animal’s toes.
TYPES OF CRIMINALS (Lombroso)
BORN CRIMINALS- inherited criminal behavior/at least
5 stigmata.
CRIMINAL BY PASSION/CRIMINALOIDS- easily
influenced by great emotions.
INSANE CRIMINALS- due to abnormalities/
psychological disorders.
OCCASIONAL- due to insignificant reasons that pushed
them to do at given occasion.
PSEUDO CRIMINALS- those who kill in self defense.
ENRICO FERRI
He was the best known Lombroso’s
associate, although he agreed with
Lombroso on the biological bases of
criminal behavior, his interest in
socialism led him to recognize the
importance of social, economic and
political determinants.
He believed that criminals could not be
held morally responsible for their crimes
because they did not choose to commit
crimes but rather, were driven to commit
them by conditions in their lives.
RAFFAELE GAROFALO
Rejected the doctrine of free will
and supported that the only way to
understand crime was to study it by
scientific methods.
He was also influenced on
Lombroso’s theory of atavistic
stigmata; he traced the roots of
criminal behavior not to physical
features but to their psychological
equivalents, which he called moral
anomalies.
RAFFAELE GAROFALO
According to his theory, natural
crimes are found in all human
societies, regardless of the views of
the lawmakers, and no civilized
society can afford to disregard
them.
Natural crimes are those that
offend the basic moral sentiments
of probity (respect for property of
others) and piety (revulsion against
infliction of pain to others).
TYPES OF CRIMINALS (Garofalo)
MURDERERS- those who satisfied from
revenge.
VIOLENT CRIMINALS- those who commit
serious crimes.
DEFICIENT- those who commit crimes against
property.
LASCIVIOUS- those who commit crimes against
chastity.
HOLY TRINITY OF CRIMINOLOGY
Cesare Lombroso.
Raffaele Garofalo.
Enrico Ferri.
RSONALITY DISORDERS
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
 Formerly known as CHARACTER DISORDERS.
 A class of personality types and behavior defined
as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and
behavior that deviates markedly from the
expectations of the culture of the individual who
exhibits it”.
 Those individuals who begin to develop a
maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood
as a result of family, social and cultural influences.
YPES OF PERSONALITY
DISORDERS
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
 Suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy,
excessive self-importance and
argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame
others for one’s own mistakes.
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER
 Exhibit odd behaviors based on a belief in
magic or superstition and may report unusual
perceptual experiences.
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
Live a solitary life with little interest in
developing friendships.
Emotional coldness, detachment or a
constricted effect.
Characterized by lack of interest in social
relationships, a tendency towards a solitary
lifestyle, secretiveness and emotional coldness.
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
Attempt to be the center of attention through the
used of theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior.
Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal
relationships are stormy.
Characterized by excessive emotionality and
attention-seeking including an excessive need for
approval and inappropriate seductiveness usually
beginning in early adulthood.
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY
DISORDER
Pervasive sense of self-importance.
Caused by excessive praise and criticism in
childhood particularly that from parental figures.
ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER
Lifelong history of inability to conform to social
norms.
Irritable and aggressive.
Have high prevalence of morbid substance
abuse disorders.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY
DISORDER
Instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and
behavior problems.
Acute sensitive to real or imagined
abandonment and have a pattern of repeated
unstable but intense interpersonal relationships
that alternate between extreme idealization and
devaluation.
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER
Fearful of becoming involved with people
because of excessive fears of criticism or
rejection.
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY
DISORDER
Inability to make even daily decisions
without excessive advice and reassurance
from others and needs others to assume
responsibility for major areas of his or her life.
COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY
DISORDER
Excessive concern with rules, order efficiency
and work coupled with insistence that everyone
do their things their way and an ability to
express warm feelings.
PASSIVE AGGRESSIVE
PERSONALITY DISORDER
Found to have overindulged in many things
during the early years to the extent that the
person comes to anticipate that his needs will
always be met and gratified.
HSYTERICAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER
Easily excitable, emotional instability,
dramatic need for attention, immature,
tendency to sexualize contacts with the
opposite sex.
SOCIOLOGICAL
CRIMINOLOGY
SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY
The foundations of sociological criminology
can be traced to the works of pioneering
sociologists Adolphe Quetelet and Emil
Durkheim.
Quetelet instigated the use of data and
statistics in performing criminological research
while Durkheim defined crime as a normal and
necessary social event.
SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS
 Things, places and people with whom we come
in contact with and which play a part in
determining our actions and conduct.
 FOUNDERS OF THE
SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY
ADOLPHE QUETELET & GUERRY
Introduced the Thermic Law of
Delinquency.
Repudiated the Free Will Doctrine.
Founder of the Cartographic
School of Criminology.
Founder of Moral Statistics.
First Scientific Criminologists.
Father of Modern Sociological and
Psychological Statistics.
ADOLPHE QUETELET & GUERRY
A Belgian mathematician, who
began (along with Frenchman,
Andre Michel Guerry) what is
known as the “Cartographic
school of Criminology”.
Statistical data provided
important demographic
information on the population,
including density, gender,
religious and wealth.
ADOLPHE QUETELET & GUERRY
Quetelet also uncovered evidence that season,
climate, population composition and poverty were
related to criminality.
More specifically, he found that crime rates were
greatest in the summer, in southern areas, among
heterogeneous populations, and among the poor
and uneducated.
SUMMER- crimes against persons.
COLDER - crimes against property.
DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM
According to Durkheim, crime is part of
human nature because it has existed
during periods of both poverty and
prosperity.
Crime is normal because it is virtually
impossible to imagine a society in which
criminal behavior is totally absent. He
believed that the inevitability of crime is
linked to the differences (heterogeneity)
within society. He also argued that crime
can be useful and on occasion, even
healthy for society.
How criminologists study crime?
Criminologists use a wide variety of research
technique to measure the nature and extent of
criminal behavior.
To understand and evaluate theories and patterns
of criminal behavior, it is important to understand
how these data are collected.
SURVEY RESEARCH- designed to measure the
attitudes, beliefs, values, personal traits and
behavior of participants.
TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
SAMPLING
Refers to the process of selecting for study a limited
number of subjects who are representative of entire
groups sharing similar characteristics, called
population.
CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH
A type of observational research that analyzes data
of variables collected at one given point in time
across a sample population or a pre-defined subset.
TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
SELF-SURVEY REPORTS
Ask participants to describe in detail their
recent and lifetime criminal activity.
AGGREGATE DATA RESEARCH
It tells about the effect of social trends and
patterns on the crime rate, it can also used to
focus on the social forces that affect crime.
TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
COHORT RESEARCH
Involves observing a group of people who share
a like characteristic over time.
TYPES OF COHORT RESEARCH

LONGITUDINAL
Selecting subjects and following their behavior
pattern for 20 years.
RETROSPECTIVE
Looking back into early life experiences of
subjects.
TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Involves the manipulation or intervention in the
lives of their subjects to see the outcome or effect
of the intervention.
ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Random selection of subjects.
A control or comparison group.
Experimental condition.
TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
TIME-SERIES DESIGN
Choosing an event in time and examining
specific data prior to and subsequent to this
event to determine whether the law can be
linked to a change in behavior.
TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
OBSERVATIONAL & INTERVIEW RESEARCH
Focus the research on a relatively few subjects,
interviewing them in depth or observing as they
go about their activities.
PHYSIOLOGY/SOMATOTYPING THEORY
 Study of build of a person in relation to his
temperament and personality and the type of
offense he is most prone to commit.
SOMATOTYPING THEORY (ERNEST
KRETSCHMER)
Considered as the European Somatotyping.
ASTHENIC- lean, narrow shoulders, thin, small
and weak.
ATHLETIC- strong, muscular.
PYKNIC- stout, round, and fat.
DYSPLASTIC- combination of two body types.
SOMATOTYPING THEORY (WILLIAM SHELDON)
 Considered as the American Somatotyping.
 MESOMORPHS- have well- developed muscles and
an athletic appearance, they are active, aggressive,
sometimes violent, and the most likely to become
criminals.
 ENDOMORPHS- have heavy builds and are slow
moving, they are known for lethargic behavior
rendering them unlikely to commit violent crime and
more willing to engage in less strenuous criminal
activities such as fencing stolen property.
SOMATOTYPING THEORY (WILLIAM SHELDON)
 ECTOMORPHS- are tall, thin and less social
and more intellectual than other types.
TEMPERAMENTS
CEREBROTONIC
 Introvert which are prone to allergies.
ROMOTONIC
 Active, dynamic, and aggressive individuals.
VISCERETONIC
 Relax, comfortable, small person and
extroverts.
VICTIMOLOGY
VICTIMOLOGY
Study of the role of the victim in the
commission of a crime.
Study of crime targets.
It came from the word “victima” which means
fear.
VICTIM- individuals whose rights were violated
by another.
TYPOLOGY OF CRIMINAL
VICTIMS
GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS
THE YOUNG
Weaken by virtue of age and immaturity.
THE FEMALE
Often less physically powerful and easily
dominated by males.
THE OLD
Incapable of physical defense and the common
object of confidence scheme.
GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS
THE MENTALLY DEFECTIVE
Those that are unable to think clearly.
THE IMMIGRANT
Those that are unsure of the rules of conduct
in the surrounding society.
THE MINORITIES
Racial prejudice may lead to victimization or
unequal treatment by the agency of justice.
GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS
THE DEPRESSED
Submissive person by virtue of emotional
condition.
THE WANTON/OVERLY SENSUAL
Ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking
pleasure.
THE LONESOME
Victim by virtue of wanting.
GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS
THE ACQUISITIVE/GREEDY
Person who wants more than what is sufficient
makes a natural victim of crime.
THE HEARTBROKEN
A victim who asked for it, often from his own
family or friends.
BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
Considered as the Father
of Victimology.
Studied General
Victimology and Typology
of crime victims.
Important terminologies
PENAL COUPLE
Relationship between the victim and the
criminal.
VICTIMAL
The victim counterpart of the criminal.
VICTIMITY
Signifies the opposite of criminality.
LOSER
The attacker but the situation is reversed.
 DYNAMICS OF
VICTIMIZATION
VICTIMS OF CRIME MODEL (Bard &
Sangrey)
THREE STAGES INVOLVED IN ANY VICTIMIZATION
STAGE OF IMPACT/DISORGANIZATION
Stage during and immediately following the
criminal event.
STAGE OF RECOIL
Victim formulates psychological defenses.
REORGANIZATION STAGE
Victim puts her life back to normal being.
DISASTER VICTIM’S MODEL
Explain the coping behavior of victims of natural
disaster.
FOUR STAGES OF EXECUTION
PRE IMPACT- victims condition before victimization.
IMPACT- victimization occur.
POST-IMPACT- degree and duration of victimization.
BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME- victim’s adjustment to the
victimization experience.
VICTIMOLOGY & DAMAGES
LOGOMACY
We have no crime if we had no criminal law.
MORAL DAMAGES
Awarded to a person’s physical suffering.
ACTUAL/COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
For pecuniary loss.
NOMINAL DAMAGES
When right is violated.
SOCIETY INTEREST TO CRIME
CRIME IS PERVASIVE
Nearly all participants of the community
became a victim.
CRIME IS EXPENSIVE
Government and private sector used lot of
money to fight criminality.
CRIME IS DESTRUCTIVE
Lives have been vanished and property have
been lost.
SOCIETY INTEREST TO CRIME
CRIME IS REFLECTIVE
Crime rate reflect on the social defenses.
CRIME IS PROGRESSIVE
Volume of crime is on account of the ever-
increasing population.
EORIES OF VICTIMIZATION
ACTIVE PRECIPITATION THEORY
Also called as “Victim Precipitation Theory”.
Occurs when the victim act provocatively, uses
threats or fighting words, or even attacks first.
PASSIVE PRECIPITATION THEORY
Victim exhibits some personal characteristics
that unknowingly either threatens or
encourages the attacker.
LIFESTYLE THEORY
People may become crime victims because
their lifestyle increases their exposure to
criminal offenders.
Risk is increased by such behaviors as
associating with young men, going out late at
night, and living in an urban area.
DEVIANT PLACE THEORY
Victims do not encourage crime but are crime
victim because they reside in socially
disorganized high crime areas where they have
the greatest risk of coming into contact with
criminal offenders, irrespective of their own
behavior or lifestyle.
Deviant places are poor, densely populated,
highly transient neighborhoods in which
commercial and residential property exist side
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY
First articulated in a series of papers by
Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson in which
they concluded that the volume and distribution
of predatory crime are closely related to the
interaction of three variables that reflect the
routine activities.
The availability of suitable targets.
Absence of capable guardians.

FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS OF
LAW
LAW
Law is the rule of conduct, just and obligatory,
laid down by the legitimate authority for the
common welfare and benefit of the people.
THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATIVE- branch of the government that
enact/create/make laws.
EXECUTIVE- execute or implement laws
enacted by the Legislative Branch.
JUDICIARY- interpret the laws.
PROVERBS 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart, and do

not lean on your own understanding. In all
your ways acknowledge Him, and He will
make straight your paths.