Research Methodology

ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
Submitted by :
ABHIJITH NAIR A- Roll no: 02
ALDRIN JACK - Roll no: 04
MBA Shipping & Logistics
INTRODUCTION
Research Ethics are the standards of conduct that guide researcher in their work.
These standards are set by professional bodies, funding agencies, and institutions.
When conducting research, it is vital to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect
the well-being of the participants and to ensure the integrity of the research itself.
WHAT IS RESEARCH
1. The meaning of research is to enquire closely and find out something new.
2. It is a creative and systematic study of literary works to add some new ideas
in the existing knowledge of the field.
3. Research is a creative way of study of the existing knowledge with the aim of
generating or finding a new concepts, methodologies and understanding.
ASPECTS OF RESEARCH
1.Your approach should be systematic.
2.Your analysis should be based on logic and reasoning.
3. Rely on first hand and actual observations.
4. You should have an in depth analysis.
5.You must fill the research gap in the field of knowledge through your research.
6.Your findings must be accurate.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
ETHICS
1.To increase the reliability of the research.
2. To build up confidence in the research work done and the finding results.
3.To support social and moral values by not doing harm to others while conducting
research.
4. To ensure that research is conducted in a way that serves the interest of

individuals and society.
5. To protect the rights of the research participants by forcing the academic honesty
of the researcher.
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL
RESEARCH
•Respect for Persons
• Informed consent
• Respect for autonomy
•Beneficence
• Maximizing benefits and minimizing harms.
•Justice
• Fair distribution of research benefits and burdens.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
. Conflicts of Interest
. Fabrication and Falsification of Data
. Plagiarism
. Misuse of Funds
. Privacy and Confidentiality issues
LITERARY PREVIEW
01 02 03
Classical Works Influential Texts Contemporary
Perspectives
04 05 06
Critical Perspectives Foundational Works Emerging Perspectives
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1. Moral Principles: Respect for persons (autonomy), beneficence (do good), non-
maleficence (do no harm), and justice.
2. Ethical Theories: Deontology (duty-based), Utilitarianism (consequence-based), Virtue
Ethics (character-based), and Care Ethics (care-based).
3. Research Ethics Concepts: Informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, debriefing, risk-
benefit analysis, and vulnerable populations.
4. Relationships and Interactions: Researcher-participant relationships, power dynamics, and
social responsibilities.
5. Assumptions and Values: Respect for human dignity, promotion of social justice, and
pursuit of knowledge.
6. Propositions and Guidelines: Beliefs about the importance of ethical considerations in
research, such as:
- Researchers have a moral obligation to protect participants.
- Ethical considerations should guide research design and implementation.
- Research should promote social good and minimize harm.
GUIDELINES AND
REGULATIONS
International Guidelines:
1. Declaration of Helsinki (1964): Ethical principles for medical research involving human
subjects.
2. CIOMS Guidelines (2002): International guidelines for research involving human subjects.
3. UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005): Framework for ethical
principles in bioethics.
US Regulations:
1. Belmont Report (1979): Ethical principles for research involving human subjects.
2. Common Rule (1991): Federal regulations for human subjects research.
3. HIPAA (1996): Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, protecting personal health
information.
National Regulations:
Country-specific regulations provide legal frameworks ensuring research ethics compliance.
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs):IRBs review research proposals to ensure ethical standards are
met, protecting the rights and welfare of participants.
COMPONENTS OF ETHICAL
RESEARCH
Integrity: While conducting research, the researcher must be honest with his findings and
research and hold on to the desired moral practices.
Objectivity: There should be a well-defined objective for the research work being conducted
and should be directional.
Professional competency: The researcher should be competent enough to handle and

analyze and interpret the data correctly to depict the outcome's true nature.
Confidentiality: The anonymity of the participants should be in place and protected so that
this does not cause any harm to the participants in the future.
Professional behavior: the researcher is expected to behave very professionally with the
participants involved such that the outcome remains bias-free.
ETHICAL RESEARCH IN
PRACTICE
•Steps to Ensure Ethical Compliance
•Ethical training
•Thorough documentation
•Regular audits and reviews
•Role of Researchers
•Personal responsibility
•Continuous education
METHODOLOGY
1. Establishing Ethical Principles and Guidelines
2. Informed Consent
3. Confidentiality and Anonymity
4. Risk-Benefit Analysis
5. Ethical Review and Approval
6. Ongoing Monitoring and Compliance
7. Debriefing and Reporting Results
IMPLEMENTATION
1. Pre-Research Planning
2. Informed Consent Process
3. Data Collection and Privacy
4. Risk-Benefit Analysis and Management
5. Conducting the Research
6. Post-Research Activities
7. Data Analysis and Reporting
8. Continuous Monitoring and Improvement
RESEARCHER
RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Respect for persons: Protect participants' autonomy, dignity, and rights.
2. Informed consent: Obtain participants' consent before research begins.
3. Confidentiality and anonymity: Protect participants' privacy and data.

4. Risk-benefit analysis: Minimize risks and maximize benefits for participants.
5. Avoiding harm: Prevent physical, emotional, or psychological harm to participants.
6. Deception minimization: Avoid deceiving participants whenever possible.
7. Transparency and honesty: Be truthful and transparent in research methods and findings.
8. Accountability: Take responsibility for one's actions and research conduct.
CONCLUSION
Research ethics is important while doing any kind of research. The importance
of ethics in research cannot be neglected as it makes the research more
believable.
Ethics needs to be followed very religiously in any type of research. If not
followed, research ethics will lead to substandard research reports and the
research papers will not get accepted in renowned journals. Research ethics is
vital so that Errors of Hypothesis Testing does not arise.
REFERENCES
1. American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code: A widely
recognized standard for ethical conduct in research.
2. Belmont Report (1979): A foundational document outlining principles for
ethical research involving human subjects.
3. Declaration of Helsinki (1964): A set of ethical principles for medical
research involving human subjects.
4. Nuremberg Code (1947): A landmark document establishing ethical
standards for human experimentation.
5. Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP): A US government agency
responsible for overseeing human subjects research.
THANK
YOU

Research Methodology

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ETHICS IN

2.Your analysis should be based on logic and reasoning.

3. Rely on first hand and actual observations.

4. You should have an in depth analysis.

6.Your findings must be accurate.

4. To ensure that research is conducted in a way that serves the interest of

Professional competency: The researcher should be competent enough to handle and

3. Confidentiality and anonymity: Protect participants' privacy and data.

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