Power System Protection_2

Over current and Earth Fault
Protection
 Relays used in over current protection,
Depends on time and current
characteristics.
(i) Instantaneous over-current protection.
 Attracted armature type.

 Moving iron types.
 Permanent magnet type.
 Static type.
(ii) Inverse time characteristics.
Electromagnetic types.
Permanent magnet moving coil type.
Static type.
(iii) direction over current protection.
Double actuating quantity type.

Induction relay with directional feature.
Characteristics of relay units for over-
current protection:
Definite characteristic: Time of operation is
almost definite
n
I t k , n 0, t k
where k is constant
I is current in relay coil
t is relay time
Inverse characteristics
n
I t k , n 1, It k
More inverse characteristics
n
I t k , n 2  8
Methods of C.Ts Connection
With three over-current relays and three
current transformers.
With two over-current relays and two

With three over-current relays and two

Auxiliary Relay
switch Contact
C.B DC
IR IY IB - Voltage+
Ir
Primary
Current
Iy
Ib
Secondary Current Relay Coil
Connection of Earth Fault Protection
 Residually connected earth fault relays are
used.
In absence of fault, phasor sum of current is zero.
Therefore the relay will not operate.
I Re s  I rs  I ys  I bs 0
In presence of earth fault, phasor sum of current is
not zero. Therefore, the current flows through
earth fault relay and will force the relay to operate.
Irs
Generator or
Transformer
Winding
Iys
Ibs IRes
Relay
Unrestricted earth fault protection is used
since protection zone is not defined
IR
Generator or
Transformer
Winding
IY
IB
IRes
Earth Fault
Relay
Combined Earth Fault and Over-
current Protection
C.B
O/C relays
IR IY IB Ir
E/F relays
Iy
Ib
Secondary Current
C.B
IR IY IB Ir
E/F relays
O/C relays
Ib
Secondary Current
Other Combined Earth Fault and Over-
current Protection
Earth fault with core balance.
Frame leakage protection.
Directional Over-current and Earth fault

protection.
Summary
 Over-Current Protection:
Responds to increase in current above pick up
value.
Over-current is caused by over-loads and short
circuits.
Over-current relays are connected to secondary of
current transformers (C.Ts).
Characteristics of over-current relays include :
Definite time.
Inverse time.
Extremely inverse time.
Earth Fault Protection:
Responds to single line to ground fault and
double line to ground fault.
Current coil of earth fault relay is connected
either to neutral to ground circuit or
residually connected secondary C.Ts.
Core balance C.Ts are used for Earth fault
(E/F) protection.
Frame leakage protection can be used for
metal clad switchgear.
 One over-current relay with one C.T are used
for balanced over-loads only.
 Two over-current relays with two C.Ts are
used for line fault protection and over-load
protection. The C.Ts must be connected in the
same phase in each substation.
 Three over-current relays with three C.Ts are
used for double line fault protection and over-
load. Earth fault can be seen as over-current if
it happen beyond / transformer.
 Three over-current and one earth fault relays
are used for line to ground fault and double
line to ground fault protection. Earth fault
setting should be less than phase fault setting.
 Two over-current and one earth fault relays are

used for double line fault and line to ground
fault protection. Earth fault setting should be
less than over current setting.
H.W (I)
Three 6.6kV generators A, B and C, each of 10% leakage reactance and MVA
ratings 40, 50 and 25, respectively are interconnected electrically, as shown in
figure below, by a tie bar through current limiting reactance, each of 12% reactance
based upon the rating of the machine to which it is connected. A three phase feeder
is supplied from the bus bar of generator A at a line voltage of 6.6kV. The feeder
has a resistance of 0.06/phase and inductive reactance of 0.12/phase. Estimate
the maximum MVA that can be fed into a symmetrical short circuit at the far end of
the feeder.
40 A 50 B 25 C
10% 10% 10%
MVA MVA MVA
12% 12% 12%
Tie bar
F
Consider the 4- bus system shown in figure below. Buses 1 and 2 are
generator buses and 3 and 4 are load buses. The generators are rated 11kV,
100 MVA, with transient reactance of 10% each. Both the transformers are
11/110kV, 100MVA with a leakage reactance of 5%. The reactances of the
lines to a base of 100MVA, 110kV are indicated on the figure. Obtain the
short circuit solution for a three-phase solid fault on bus 4 (load bus).
G1
T1 11/110kV
3
1 j0.15
j0.2
j0.1
j0.1
4 j0.15 2
Fault T2 11/110kV
G2
Describe the various
types of electromagnetic
relays.

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Over current and Earth Fault

 Attracted armature type.

(iii) direction over current protection.

Double actuating quantity type.

More inverse characteristics

With two over-current relays and two

With three over-current relays and two

Earth fault with core balance.

Frame leakage protection.

Directional Over-current and Earth fault

 Two over-current and one earth fault relays are

12% 12% 12%

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