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Jordanian For Capacity Building

Jordanian for Capacity Building

Field Operation
‫إعداد‬
-: ‫وتقديم‬
‫ عصام‬.‫م‬
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Distribution

Protection

Reclosers

Sectionalizers

Coordination

Secondary Network Systems

 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Reclosers
• Automatic circuit reclosers are common on
overhead utility distribution systems

–Overcurrent protection device including

the switchgear and the protective relay
logic
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Reclosers
•Types of reclosers

– conventional oil recloser has switchgear

and relay logic in same package

– electronic reclosers may be packaged for use

with separate control and relay logic package
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Reclosers
•Recloser trips on fault and recloses in a
sequence of operations

–Typical sequence: two fast (or instantaneous)

operations then two delayed operations

– Other sequences may be used, such as one fast,

two delayed
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Reclosers
• Recloser trips on fault and recloses in a
sequence of operations

– Reclosing may be blocked for downstream

hot line work

– Recloser locks out after sequence is

complete
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Reclosers
Recloser Sequence: permanent fault

CURRENT

FAST OPERATIONS DELAYED OPERATIONS

(CONTACTS ARE CLOSED) (CONTACTS ARE CLOSED)

TIME

FAULT INITIATED RECLOSING INTERVALS

(CONTACTS ARE OPEN)

RECLOSER LOCKS

OPEN (LOCKOUT)

ELCT 751 Distribution Protection 6

 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Recloser Technology

•Available in single-phase or three-phase packages

– pole mounting for line sectionalizing
– station mounting instead of line circuit breaker

•Three-phase devices may use single-pole

tripping with three-pole lockout or three-pole
tripping with
three-pole lockout
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Recloser
Technology
•Interrupting medium may be oil, vacuum, or
compressed gas

•Controls can be either hydraulic with series trip coil

or electronic with shunt trip coil
– Hydraulic controls use oil pumped through an
orifice to perform timing
– Electronic controls use programmable
electronics
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Recloser Technology
•Insulation may be oil, air, compressed gas, or
solid dielectric

– Old technology example: oil insulation, oil

interrupting medium, hydraulic (oil) timing

– New technology example: solid dielectric

insulation, vacuum interrupter, programmable
electronic timing, data logging (etc.)
Jordanian For Capacity Building
Reclosers
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Hydraulic
Recloser
•Usually oil interrupting medium, oil insulation,
series trip coil

–Series trip coil usually has minimum trip setting

of 2 times coil continuous current rating
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Hydraulic Recloser

–Example: 200 A frame size recloser could have

series trip coil rated at 140 A (continuous) giving
a minimum trip current of
2 x 140 A = 280 A
–Due to limitations of hydraulic logic: Limited
number of different time-current curves
available
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Electronically Controlled Reclosers
•Often a vacuum interrupting medium

•Usually a shunt trip coil fed from a bushing

CT with electronic timing

–Minimum trip setting is not fixed by coil

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Electronically Controlled
Reclosers

•Minimum trip setting is not fixed by coil

– Example: Recloser with 560 A continuous

current rating could be set for 100, 140, 200,
280, 400, 560, 800, or 1120 A trip

–Greater variety of time-current curves

 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Recloser Ratings

•All reclosers have

–voltage ratings (nominal RMS line voltage)
– interrupting ratings (RMS symmetrical short-circuit current)
–some method of changing trip setting
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Recloser Application
•Primary advantage of recloser is realized when
most faults are temporary

– Overhead MV lines usually experience many

temporary faults

– Underground MV lines usually experience

relatively fewer temporary faults
 Recloser Application

Jordanian For Capacity Building

•Recloser must coordinate with other
overcurrent protection, upstream
and downstream

•Details of coordination covered later

 Recloser Application

Jordanian For Capacity Building

•Idea of coordination:
–Recloser is to clear all temporary faults
downstream of recloser

1 - without damage to downstream fuses

2 - coordinating with downstream reclosers and sectionalizers

 Recloser

Jordanian For Capacity Building

Application
•Idea of
coordination:

–Recloser is to clear all temporary faults

downstream of recloser

Permanent faults downstream of recloser are

cleared by downstream device

- if it sees fault
- before recloser locks
out
 Recloser Application

Jordanian For Capacity Building

• Electronic controls give much greater choice
of time-current curves than hydraulic

– Example below shows recloser curves

matching IEC time-overcurrent relay curves
for circuit breakers

– May allow complete freedom to tailor

curves for specific application
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
IEC TOC
Curves
100

10
Time [sec]

Inverse
0.1 Very Inverse
1 10 100
Extremely Inverse
Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizers
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizers

Automatic circuit sectionalizer is similar to a recloser, but:

– sectionalizer does not interrupt fault current

– sectionalizer does not have time-current curve

 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizers
Automatic circuit sectionalizer is similar to a recloser, but:

– sectionalizer counts the number of circuit interruptions

(presumed to be due to upstream recloser or station
breaker) and locks out after preset number (while upstream
device is open)
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Operation
• Sectionalizer operation

– sectionalizer senses overcurrent and arms to count

–when current falls below the sectionalizer
setting, it counts

when count sequence is complete, sectionalizer locks open

 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizers
• Replace fuse on close-to-station tap

– fuse coordination is difficult due to

large available short-circuit current

• Replace second recloser where recloser-to-

recloser coordination is difficult
– both reclosers may operate simultaneously if
close together
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Application
•Set sectionalizer count one fewer
than upstream recloser

– Example: Four-shot recloser followed by three-

shot sectionalizer
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer
Application
• Set sectionalizer count one
fewer than upstream recloser

•Use three-phase (three-pole trip) recloser with

three-phase sectionalizer

– Otherwise, sectionalizer could attempt to

interrupt fault current
causing failure
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer
Problems
•Recloser-sectionalizer-recloser combination not
recommended unless studied carefully
•Recloser-sectionalizer-fuse combination
may need study
– Sectionalizer can count downstream
device operations
– Considered in more detail later.
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Technology
•Hydraulic controls

– Series coil senses fault current and arms

counting mechanism
– After preset count sequence, contacts opened
•Electronic controls

– Shunt coil feeding programmable electronic controls

– Set actuation level, memory time
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Settings

•Set minimum actuation current at 80% of minimum

trip current of upstream recloser

–Hydraulic controls: use same series coil rating

for both units
–Electronic controls: must be set for proper value
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Settings

– Electronic recloser feeding hydraulic sectionalizer:

Minimum actuating current of sectionalizer

= 1.6 X series coil rating. Compare to recloser minimum

trip stetting.
Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Coordination

•Proper coordination ensures that minimum

equipment is taken out of service to clear the fault

– Coordination minimizes number of customers out

of service

– Coordination speeds the troubleshooting, so

minimizes the duration of the outage
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
FEEDER #1

Typical System
FEEDER #2

FUSE SECTIONALIZER RECLOSER

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Fuse-to-fuse coordination
•The protected fuse is upstream; the protecting
fuse is downstream

– Fuse A is the protecting fuse; fuse B is the

protected fuse
– Protecting fuse A must clear the fault before
protected fuse B is damaged
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Fuse-to-fuse coordination
rotecting fuse A must clear the fault before protected fuse B
maged

PROTECTED FUSE (B)

PROTECTING
FUSE (A)
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Time-current curves for both fuses

Proper coordination requires maximum clearing time

of protecting fuse less than minimum melt time of
protected fuse

To check coordination, plot both time-current curves

on same graph
 TIME [SEC]

Jordanian For Capacity Building

TIME [SEC

FUSE B (PROTECTED

FUSE A (PROTECTING)

MINIMUM MELT CURVE

MAX. CLEARING TIME

CURRENT [A]
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Recloser-Fuse Coordination

• Recloser feeding a fuse:

– Fast operations of recloser should protect entire

downstream line (as far as possible) from
temporary faults (fuse saving)
– Fuse link should not be damaged by fast operation
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Recloser-Fuse Coordination

•Recloser feeding a fuse:

–Fuse saving…

–Fuse link should not be damaged by fast operation

–Permanent fault should cause fuse to blow on first

delayed operation
Jordanian For Capacity Building
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Fuse-Recloser Coordination
•Reclosers downstream of fuses are not
common
–Not recommended and not considered
here
•Exception: power fuse protecting substation
transformer on HV side

–Must coordinate with MV circuit breaker and any

downstream reclosers
–Considered in section on substation protection
 Recloser-Recloser

Jordanian For Capacity Building

Coordination
•Use time-current curves to coordinate

–Hydraulically controlled units need about 12

cycles of margin between adjacent unit to
coordinate

–If margin is 2-12 cycles the units might operate

simultaneously

–If margin is less than 2 cycles, the units will

operate simultaneously
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Recloser-Recloser Coordination

•Electronically controlled units are simply

coordinated with manufacturer’s time-current
curves:

–Maximum clearing time of downstream

(protecting) recloser less than minimum response
time of upstream (protected) recloser
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Reclosing Interval

•Time from trip to reclose

–Fixed by design of hydraulic units: 1-2 sec

–Programmable in electronic units: 2 sec for example

 Reclosing Interval

Jordanian For Capacity Building

–Programmable in electronic units

• set from instantaneous to 60 sec

• instantaneous is usually too fast to allow temporary faults to clea

• 2 seconds is a common setting

•longer settings, e.g. 5 sec, may aid coordination with source-side

circuit breakers or fuses
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Coordination of recloser with station circuit breaker

Station circuit breaker may be used, with overcurrent relay lo

Overcurrent relays tend to integrate recloser times

–Quick check is to compare relay time-current

curve to a cumulative recloser time current curve
(e.g., 2A+2B in time)
–If check shows miscoordination possible,
perform detailed calculation
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Example relay-recloser coordination

•Electromechanical time overcurrent relay: 0.60

second trip delay and 30 sec reset time

•Hydraulic recloser on 2A2B sequence

•At fault current: A curve gives 0.035 sec and B

curve gives 0.20 sec.
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Example relay-recloser coordination

•Disk travel:

–Each A clearing: relay disk

0.035/0.60 or 5.8%

–Each B clearing: relay disk 0.20/0.60 or 33.3%

–Each 2 sec open time: relay disk

2/30 or -6.7%
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Example (Continued)

•Relay completely resets after each fast (A curve) operation

•Calculate total net travel until lockout:

33.3% - 6.7% + 33.3% = 60% < 100 %

Relay contacts do not close Coordination is correct

 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Example (Continued)

•Repeat for 1 sec reclosing interval

•Now relay does not completely reset after fast operations
•Net total relay travel:
5.8-3.3+5.8-3.3+33.3-3.3+33.3 =
68.3% <100% Coordination is still achieved.
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Electronic Devices

•Electronically controlled reclosers have more

choices of time-current curves and reclosing
intervals

•Electronic overcurrent relays have more choices of

time-current curves and no disk to reset

– Consult relay manufacturer’s data to determine

reset time (may be a setting)
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Coordination
•Does not use time-current curves

•Sectionalizer will coordinate with upstream recloser

or circuit

• breaker if it is set for fewer counts than the total

number of upstream device operations

•Example: four shot upstream recloser coordinates

with a three-shot downstream sectionalizer
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Application
•Two sectionalizers may be used in series if
the downstream device is set to one fewer
count than
the upstream device

•Recloser-sectionalizer-fuse coordination:
 Sectionalizer Application

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• Recloser-sectionalizer-fuse coordination

– sectionalizer counts downstream fuse blowing

– 2A2B recloser: fuse blows during first delayed

operation, sectionalizer arms for final count, then
locks out when fuse blows
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Application

• Use 1A3B recloser for 3 shot sectionalizer

with downstream fuse

– Fuse clears on second recloser count,

sectionalizer does not lock out when fuse blows
 Jordanian For Capacity Building
Sectionalizer Application

•Recloser-sectionalizer-recloser is tricky:

–Sectionalizer may count either recloser

–Can work with sectionalizer voltage restraint to

prevent counting downstream operations
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 ‫البيانات‬

Jordanian
Jordanian For
+962 6 5679360

ForCapacity
: Tel

+962 6 5679350

Capacity
: Fax

: Mob +962 777 6660 64

Building
[email protected]

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