KENT COLLEGE OF NURSING &

MIDWIFERY

HMIS-DATA QUALITY

BY: NGONDO KAYONDE

OCTOBER, 2022
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of lecture/discussion, the student
must be able to:

1. Define quality data.

2. Describe data quality assurance.

3. Explain use data cycle, data use culture and

theory of change.

4. Explain data analysis and data presentation.

 DATA QUALITY
Data quality is defined as:
The degree to which data meets an institution’s
expectations of accuracy, validity, completeness,
and consistency.

Good quality data are:

 Accurate, Complete, Unique, Up-to-date, and
Consistent.
 DATA QUALITY continues………….

It inform us how reliable a particular set of data

is and whether or not it is good enough for a
user to employ in decision-making.
Data which fails to meet the institution
expectations can have massive negative impacts
on service, productivity, and key strategies.
 DATA QUALITY continues………….
In direct terms:
Data quality indicates how good the data is
and how useful it is for the task at hand.
This can be from three perspectives namely:

a) Consumer perspective
b) Standards perspective
c) Business perspective
 FROM A CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE
Data quality is:
“Data that are fit for use by data consumers“
Data "meeting or exceeding consumer
expectations“
Data that "satisfies the requirements of its
intended use"
 FROM A BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE
Data quality is:
Data that "are fit for their intended uses in
operations, decision making and planning“
“The capability of data to satisfy the stated
business, system, and technical requirements
of an enterprise
FROM A STANDARDS-BASED PERSPECTIVE

Data quality is:

The "degree to which a set of inherent
characteristics (quality dimensions) of an
object (data) fulfills requirements’’
“The usefulness, accuracy, and correctness of
data for its application"
 IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY DATA

key to making accurate, informed decisions

Helps in the effective management of services

Setting priorities and ensure the best use of

resources.
Creates a platform for auditors and inspectors
to make judgements about performance and
governance
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA
1. Accuracy or correctness
2. Completeness or comprehensiveness
3. Reliability
4. Timeliness
5. Uniqueness
6. Validity
7. Integrity
 1. Completeness
Data must be collected comprehensively.

Percentage of all fields in the data collection

form filled in and percentage of all expected
reports received.
E.g. Number of HIV pregnant mothers who
delivered live infants at mulambwa were 10 and
the HIV exposed infant were reported to be 5 in
the same month.
 2. TIMELINESS

Timeliness measures how up-to-date or

antiquated the data is at any given moment.
Means that the data are sufficiently current
and frequent to inform management’s
decision making.
Received by the established deadline.
 3. VALIDITY

Considered accurate-they measure what they

are intended to measure.
If a format is not followed, the level of data
quality becomes automatically compromised.
Data is inputted using the pre-assigned format
or else it becomes invalid.
 4. INTEGRITY
Integrity of data refers to the level at which the
information is reliable and trustworthy.
 Is the data true and factual?

Protected from bias or manipulation

Reliability is when the repeated measurements

using the same procedures get the same results.
 5. UNIQUENESS

Datum must appears only once in order to

exclude ambiguity but providing uniqueness.
Uniqueness is a data quality characteristic
most often associated with customer profiles
 6. CONSISTENT
The data contains no logical errors or
impossibilities.
It makes sense in and of itself.

Most often associated with analytics.

It ensures that the source of the information

collection is capturing the correct data based on
the unique objectives of the institution.
 DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE

Data quality assurance is the process of data

profiling to discover inconsistencies and other
anomalies in the data, as well as performing
data cleansing activities to improve the data
quality.
Most data quality tools offer a series of tools
for improving data.
FACTORS AFFECTING DATA QUALITY
Standard data collection tools and reporting
forms.
Steps addressing quality challenges.
Specific reporting timelines.
Description of roles and responsibilities.
Storage policy that allows for retrieval of data.
FACTORS AFFECTING DATA QUALITY

Skilled HMIS staff at the different levels of

the health system
Clear definitions of indicators

Documented data review procedures

 IMPROVING DATA QUALITY

Data profiling - initially assessing the data to

understand its current state, often including
value distributions
Data standardization - rules that ensures that
data conforms to standards
 IMPROVING DATA QUALITY

Geocoding - for name and address data.

geographic standards
Matching or Linking - a way to compare data
so that similar, but slightly different records
can be aligned.
 IMPROVING DATA QUALITY

Matching may find duplicates in the data.

 It often recognizes duplicate data.

It aims at building a single super-record.

 IMPROVING DATA QUALITY
Monitoring - keeping track of data quality
over time and reporting variations in the
quality of data.
Batch and Real time - Once the data is initially
cleansed (batch), institution often want to
build the process applications to keep it clean.
 DATA CYCLE
Also called the information life cycle.

Is the sequence of stages that a particular unit

of data goes through from its initial generation
or capture to its eventual archival and/or
deletion at the end of its useful life.
Refers to the entire period of time that data
exists in the system (HMIS).
 DATA USE CULTURE

A data use culture describes the customs,

dispositions, and behaviors of a particular
group or organization to support and
encourage the use of evidence, including
facts, figures, and statistics, to inform their
decision-making.
 DATA USE CULTURE continues…..

Is the collective behaviors and beliefs of

employees who share a common
understanding about institution data and use
data for their decisions and operations in a
way that is compliant with both internal
policies and external regulations.
 DATA CULTURE continues………
Culture is just one part of an organization’s
overall data health.
Data is healthy if it is easily discoverable,
understandable, and of value to the people
that need to use it.
These characteristics are sustained
throughout its lifecycle.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA USE CULTURE
People demand data-valuing, seeking out, and using
timely, high-quality data as a standard way of doing
business.
People understand their role as data producers and
users-collecting, analyzing, reporting, and applying
data to inform decisions and increase the impact of
their work.
 People are motivated and empowered to use and act
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA USE CULTURE conti.........

People use data to inform decision making,

even if the data highlight a lack of progress
against stated goals.
Managers support and encourage their staff to
systematically collect, analyze, report, and use
data transparently and in real or near time at
every level.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA USE CULTURE conti.........
Organizations have, value, and adhere to
established data collection and use policies.
Organizations have data use champions at all
levels, including in leadership roles.
 Organizations have interoperable systems
that provide real- or near-time, relevant,
accessible, and accurate data to staff at all
levels.
 CHARACTERISTIC continues…………...

Data production: Designing harmonized

systems and processes that support timely,
high-quality data collection for both clinical
care and program management leads to data
that are changed into actionable information
at all levels of the health systems.
 CHARACTERISTIC continues…………...

Information use: This consumable information

can be further analyzed, comprehended, and
employed by skilled decision-makers who take
and promote evidence-based actions.
 IMPORTANCE OF DATA USE CULTURE:
A major obstacle to accelerating health gains
and optimizing the efficiency and effectiveness
of health care delivery is that decision-makers
at all levels of the health system are not using
data at all times or in an optimal way to drive
planning, performance management, and the
delivery of services.
 IMPORTANCE OF DATA USE
CULTURE continues…
The use of timely, high-quality data is essential
to strengthen health systems and provide
health services efficiently.
 THEORY OF CHANGE
 A theory of change aims at accelerating data use
in national health systems and therefore,
The principal hypothesis of the theory state that:

 Better data and regular data use create a data use

culture and this,

1. Leads to better decisions.

2. An improved health system.

3. Improved health outcomes.

FACTORS INFLUENCING DATA USE
Infrastructure

Legislation, policy, and compliance

Standards and interoperability

Services and applications

Strategy and investment

Leadership and governance

Workforce
FACTORS INFLUENCING DATA USE
 BEHAVIOR CHANGE FRAMEWORK
 The behavior change framework is
complementary to the theory of change.
 It explain how the levers influence a set of
individual actors within the health system who
must change their behavior and increase their
production and use of quality data.
BEHAVIOR CHANGE FRAMEWORK….

In the behavior change framework, the

individual is at the center because culture
change in the health system at all levels from
national policy to service delivery starts with
individual people.
 PATHWAYS TO INDIVIDUAL CHANGE
The pathways to enable this individual change
consist of five interrelated pathways:
Awareness of need

Access to information

Motivation to act

Empowerment to act and

skills to use and improve quality.

 DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is the process of uncovering
patterns and trends in the data.
Data analysis comes first, followed by data
interpretation.
To summarize, condense data in a
comprehensible and usable form for further
advanced analytics and prediction.
 TYPES/ METHODS
The five types of data analysis are:

Descriptive Analysis.-What happened?

Diagnostic Analysis- Why it happened?

Predictive Analysis- What will happen?

Prescriptive Analysis-How will it happen?

Cognitive Analysis-applying human

intelligence.
DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS
 IMPORTANCE OF DATA ANALYSIS
Informed decision-making

Reduce costs

Target customers better

 Data interpretation
Data interpretation is the process of assigning
meaning to the data. It involves explaining
those discovered patterns and trends in the
data.
Data interpretation is required because the
numbers can not speak for themselves. It
needs manual human intervention to
understand what the numbers are saying.
 Descriptive Statistics

Statistics is the science of collecting,

analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data.

Descriptive statistics are brief informational

coefficients that summarize a given data set,
which can be either a representation of the
entire population or a sample of a population.
 Descriptive Statistics
continued…
Descriptive statistics is concerned with
organising, summarising and describing of
data.
Data can be organized through graphical
techniques as well as using numerical
techniques.
 Descriptive Statistics
continued…
Organizing data when it is in its raw form consists

of

1. Listing and grouping it in the form of frequency

so that you can find out how often a particular

value occurs.

2. Then proceed to summarizing either graphically

or numerically.
 NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF DATA
Data can be summarized numerically by use of
measure of central tendency which will bring
out the main or major characteristics of the
entire set of data numerically
These mostly include the :
 Mean
 Mode
 Median
 MODE
 The mode is the most frequently occurring

number in a distribution
 If X = [1,2,4,7,7,7,8,10,12,14,17]

 Then 7 is the mode

 Easy to see in a simple frequency distribution

 Possible to have no modes or more than one

mode
 Mode is not affected by extreme values
 MEDIAN
 Middlemost or most central item in the set of ordered

numbers; it separates the distribution into two equal

halves
 If odd n, middle value of sequence

 if X = [1,2,4,6,9,10,12,14,17] then 9 is the median

 If even n, average of 2 middle values

 if X = [1,2,4,6,9,10,11,12,14,17] then 9.5 is the median;

i.e., (9+10)/2
 Median is not affected by extreme values
 MEAN

 The arithmetic mean is the sum of a set of

observations, positive, negative or zero,

divided by the number of observations.


 GRAPHICAL SUMMARY OF DATA
Summarizing data graphically can be done
through:
 Pie charts
Bar graphs
Histograms
Frequency histogram or
frequency polygons
 PIE CHART
A pie chart is a circular statistical graphic,
which is divided into slices to illustrate
numerical proportion
 BAR CHART
Is a chart or graph that presents categorical
data with rectangular bars with heights or
lengths proportional to the values that they
represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or
horizontally.
 HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graphical representation of
data points organized into user-specified
ranges.
 FREQUENCY POLYGON
A frequency polygon is a line graph of class
frequency plotted against class mid-point.
It can be obtained by connecting the mid-points of
the tops of the rectangles in the histogram or drawn
as a line graph.
A frequency polygon is almost identical to a
histogram, which is used to compare sets of data or
to display a cumulative frequency distribution. It
uses a line graph to represent quantitative data.
FREQUENCY POLYGON
 PRESENTATION OF DATA
 Data is presented in an organized way such as into tables,
graphs or charts so that logical and statistical conclusion
can be derived from the collected measurement.
 Data may be presented in three methods namely:

1. Textual-a narrative description of the data gathered

2. Tabular-a systematic arrangement of information into

columns and rows

3. Graphical-an illustrative description of the data.

 THE END

LUITUMEZI SHANGWEE!