Mirrors Lenses Lecture

Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Qualitative
Characteristics of Images
 Light is a natural agent that
stimulates sight and make
things possible. It is a type of
energy known as 1. ___________.
electromagnetic radiation
 It is given out by luminous objects
such as the sun, light bulbs and
laser. It is made up of little packets
of energy called 2.___________.
photons
 Light travels as waves. But unlike sound
waves, it does not need any material to
carry its energy along. This means that
light can travel through a 3. ____________
- a completely airless space.
vacuum
 Light waves travel out from their
source in a straight lines called 4.
__________.
rays
 Light behaves in a variety of ways when it
comes in contact with water, air, and other
matters. When light strikes matter, a part
of light is 5. “__________” into the matter
and is transformed into heat energy.
absorbed
 If the matter that the light strikes is a
transparent material, the light component
that was not absorbed within the material
is 6. “__________” through and exits to the
outer side of the material.
transmitted
 If the surface of the material is
smooth (a mirror for example),
7.“_________” occurs, but if the
surface is irregular having pits and
protrusions, the light 8. “__________”.
reflection, scatters
REFLECTION
- bouncing of light rays off an object
Reflection of Light in Mirrors
 The laws of reflection
state that:
 1. the incident ray, the
reflected ray, and the
normal line to the
reflecting surface all lie
in the same plane; and
 2. the angle of
incidence is equal to
the angle of reflection.
Reflection of Light in Mirrors
 We describe the path of light as straight-line rays
 Reflection off a flat surface follows a simple rule:
 angle in (incidence) equals angle out (reflection)
 angles measured from surface “normal” (perpendicular)
surface normal
same exit ray
incident ray angle reflected ray
Reflection in Plane
Mirror
 Characteristics of
images formed by a
plane mirror:
 1. Image is virtual;
 2. Same size as the
object;
 3. Same orientation as
the object; and
 4. Same distance from
the mirror as the object.
Types of Reflection of Light
The phenomenon by which a ray of light changes the direction of propagation when it
strikes a boundary between different media through which it cannot pass is described as
the reflection of light.
 a. Specular/Regular
reflection. It is defined as
light reflected from a smooth
surface at a definite angle.
 b. Diffused/Irregular
Reflection. It is produced by
rough surfaces that tend to
reflect light in all directions.
REAL OBJECT IMAGE
Reflection Vocabulary
 Real Image –
 Image is made from “real” light
rays that converge at a real
focal point so the image is REAL
 Can be projected onto a screen
because light actually passes
through the point where the
image appears
 Always inverted
Reflection Vocabulary
 Virtual Image–
 “Not Real” because it cannot
be projected
 Image only seems to be there!
Virtual Images in Plane Mirrors
Rays seem to come from behind
the mirror, but, of course, they
don't. It is virtually as if the rays
were coming from behind the
mirror.
"Virtually": the same as if
As far as the eye-brain system is

concerned, the effect is the same
If light energy doesn't flow from the
as would occur if the mirror were
image, the image is "virtual".
absent and the chess piece were
actually located at the spot labeled
"virtual image".
Mirror Left-Right Reversal
Hall Mirror
 Useful to think in terms of images
“real” you
mirror only “image” you

needs to be half as
high as you are tall. Your
image will be twice as far from you
as the mirror.
The Rays in a Ray Diagram – Convex Mirrors
Ray 1 is drawn from the top of the object parallel to the

principal axis and is reflected away from the focal point, F.
Ray 2 is drawn from the top of the object toward the focal
point and is reflected parallel to the principal axis.
Ray 3 is drawn through the center of curvature, C, on the
back side of the mirror and is reflected back on itself.
The object is in front of a convex mirror.
The image is virtual.
The image is upright.
The image is smaller than the object (reduced).
REAL
OBJECT
VIRTUAL IMAGE
F C
Convex Mirror
The Rays in a Ray Diagram – Concave Mirrors
We can use three “principal rays” to construct
images. In this example, the object is “outside” of F.
Ray 1 is drawn from the top of the object parallel to

the principal axis and is reflected through the focal
point, F.
Ray 2 is drawn from the top of the object through the
focal point and is reflected parallel to the principal axis.
Ray 3 is drawn through the center of curvature, C, and
is reflected back on itself.
For a real object between C and f, a real image is formed
outside of C. The image is inverted and larger than the object.
REAL
C OBJECT F
REAL IMAGE
Concave Mirror
Refraction
 Light also goes through some things
 glass, water, eyeball, air
 The presence of material slows light’s progress
 interactions with electrical properties of atoms
 The “light slowing factor” is called the index of refraction
 glass has n = 1.52, meaning that light travels about 1.5 times
slower in glass than in vacuum
 water has n = 1.33
 air has n = 1.00028
 vacuum is n = 1.00000 (speed of light at full capacity)
Refraction at a plane surface
 Light bends at interface between
refractive indices
 bends more the larger the difference in
refractive index
A
n1 = 1.0
n2 = 1.5
B
Convex Lenses
Thicker in the center than edges.

 Lens that converges
(brings together) light
rays. The Magnifier
 Forms real images and
virtual images
depending on position
of the object
Concave Lenses
 Lenses that are thicker at

the edges and thinner in
the center.
 Diverges light rays The De-Magnifier
 All images are

erect and reduced.
Ray Diagrams for Thin Lenses –
Converging
Ray diagrams are convenient for locating the images formed
by thin lenses or systems of lenses.
For a converging lens, the following three rays are drawn:
 Ray 1 is drawn parallel to the principal axis and then passes
through the focal point on the back side of the lens.
 Ray 2 is drawn through the center of the lens and continues
in a straight line.
 Ray 3 is drawn through the focal point on the front of the lens
and emerges from the lens parallel to the principal axis.
Ray Diagram for Converging Lens
The image is real.

The image is inverted.
The image is on the back
side of the lens.
Ray Diagrams for Thin Lenses – Diverging
For a diverging lens, the following three
rays are drawn:
 Ray 1 is drawn parallel to the principal axis and
emerges directed away from the focal point on
the front side of the lens.
 Ray 2 is drawn through the center of the lens
and continues in a straight line.
 Ray 3 is drawn in the direction toward the focal
point on the back side of the lens and emerges
from the lens parallel to the principal axis.
The image is virtual.
The image is upright.
The image is smaller.
The image is on the front side of the lens.
How You See
 Near Sighted – Eyeball is too long

and image focuses in front of the
retina

Near Sightedness – Concave lenses
expand focal length
 Far Sighted – Eyeball is too short
so image is focused behind the
retina.
 Far Sightedness – Convex lense shortens
the focal length.
Cameras, in brief
object pinhole
image at
film plane
In a pinhole camera, the hole is so small that light hitting any particular point
on the film plane must have come from a particular direction outside the camera
object image at
film plane
lens
In a camera with a lens, the same applies: that a point on the film plane
more-or-less corresponds to a direction outside the camera. Lenses have
the important advantage of collecting more light than the pinhole admits

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Quarter 2 – Module 3:

"Virtually": the same as if

As far as the eye-brain system is

mirror only “image” you

Ray 1 is drawn from the top of the object parallel to the

Ray 1 is drawn from the top of the object parallel to

Thicker in the center than edges.

 Lenses that are thicker at

 All images are

The image is real.

 Near Sighted – Eyeball is too long

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