Uri Attaacks

Introduction
Light is a form of energy due to which we are able to see the objects which emits light for
example objects like sun, lamp, candle emits light of their own and thus they are known
as luminous objects.
There are objects like table , chair etc. which are not luminous objects and still we are able
to see them and this happens because they reflects lights which falls on them from a
luminous object like sun, lamp etc. and when this reflected light reaches our eyes we are
able to see such non luminous objects.
Light rays basically consist of electromagnetic waves which do not require any material
medium (like solid, liquid or gas) for their propagation.
The wavelength of visible light waves is very small and is of the order
of 4107m to 8107m.
Speed of light waves depends on the medium through which they pass as speed of light in
air is slightly less than the speed of light in vacuum 8108m/s8108m/s same way
speed of light in water and glass is much less than that in air.
When light falls on the surface of an object it can either be
1. Absorbed:- If an object absorbs all the light falling on it , then it will

appear perfectly black for example a blackboard
2. Transmitted: - An object is said to transmit light if it allows light to
pass through itself and such objects are transparent.
3. Reflected:- If an object sends back light rays falling on its surface
then it is said to have reflected the light
Reflection of Light
The process of sending back light rays which falls on the surface of an object is
called REFLECTION of light
Silver metal is one of the best reflectors of light.
Mirrors we use on our dressing tables in our home are plane mirrors.
A ray of light is the straight line along which the light travelled and a bundle of light rays is
called a beam of light.
Laws of Reflection of light
1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror at the
point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
These laws of reflection are applicable to all types of reflecting surfaces including spherical
surfaces
Real and Virtual images
An image is formed when the light rays coming from an object meet at a point after
reflection from a mirror (or refraction from lens).
The images are of two types

1. Real Images:- Real images are formed when rays of light that comes
from an object (or source) meets at a point after reflection from a mirror
(or refraction from a lens). Real images can be formed on a screen and
can be seen with the eyes.
2. Virtual images:- Virtual image is an image in which the outgoing rays
from an object do not meet at a point. It will appear to meet at a point in
or behind the optical device (i.e., a mirror) but they do not actually meet
after reflection from a mirror (or refraction from a lens). A plane mirror
always forms virtual images.
Characteristics of images formed by mirrors:(a) Images formed by mirrors are always virtual and erect
(b) Size of image is always equal to the size of the object and the image is laterally inverted.
(c) The images formed by the plane mirror are as far behind the mirror as the object in front
of the mirror.
Lateral inversion:- If an object is placed in front of the mirror, then the right side of the object
appears to be the left side and left side of the object appears to be the right side of this
image. This change of sides of an object and its mirror image is called lateral inversion.
Image Formation by Spherical mirrors
The nature, position and size of the image formed by a concave mirror depend on the
position of the object in relation to points P, F and C.
The image formed can be real as well as virtual depending on the positions of the object.
The image is either magnified, reduced or has the same size, depending on the position of
the object.
Rules for obtaining images formed by spherical mirrors

(1) Rule 1
A ray of light which is parallel to the principle axis of the mirror passes through its focus after
reflection from the mirror as shown below in the figure
From the figure given above it can be clearly seen that the light rays passes through principle
focus in case of concave mirrors and appears to diverge from principle focus in case of concave
mirror.
(2) Rule 2
A ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of the curvature of the concave mirror or
directed in the direction of the centre of curvature of a convex mirror, is reflected back along the
same path as shown below in the figure
This happens because the incident rays fall on the mirror along the normal to the reflecting
surface.
(3) Rule 3
A ray passing through principle focus of a concave mirror or a ray which is directed towards the
principal focus of a convex mirror, becomes parallel to the principle axis after reflection and is
shown below in the figure
(4) Rule 4
A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards a point P (pole of the mirror), on the concave
mirror or a convex mirror, is reflected obliquely. The incident and reflected rays follow the laws of
reflection at the point of incidence (point P), making equal angles with the principal axis and is
shown below in the figure
Image formation by concave mirror
The type of image formed by a concave mirror depends on the position of the object kept in front of
the mirror. We can place the object at following places
1. Between pole P and focus F
2. At the focus
3. Between focus F and centre of curvature C
4. At the centre of curvature
5. Beyond centre of curvature
6. At far off distances called infinity and cannot be shown in the figures
Image formation by a concave mirror for different positions of the object is shown below in the
table
Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors, reflectors in car headlights, hand torch and table
lamps.
Large concave mirrors are used in field of solar energy to focus sun rays on objects to be heated.
Image formation by convex mirrors
In order to construct a ray diagram to find out the position, nature and size of image formed
by convex mirror we should remember following path of rays of light.
A ray of light parallel to the principle axis of a convex mirror appears to be coming from its
focus after reflection from the mirror.
A ray of light going towards the centre of curvature of convex mirror is reflected back along
its own path.
Convex mirrors have its focus and centre of curvature behind it and no light can go behind
the convex mirror and all the rays that we show behind the convex mirror are virtual and no
ray actually passes through the focus and centre of curvature of the convex mirror.
Whatever be the position of object in front of convex mirror, the image formed by a convex
mirror is always behind the mirror, virtual, erect and smaller than the object.
Nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a convex mirror is given below in
the
table
Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in automobiles to see the traffic at back side as they
give erect images and also highly diminished one giving the wide field view of traffic behind.
Sign convention for reflection by spherical mirrors

Reflection of light by spherical mirrors follow a set of sign conventions called the New Cartesian Sign
Convention. In this convention, the pole (P) of the mirror is taken as the origin. The principal axis of the
mirror is taken as the x-axis (XX) of the coordinate system. The conventions are as follows
The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls
onthe mirror from the left-hand side.
All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as positive while those
measured to the left of the origin (along x-axis) are taken as negative.
Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y-axis) are taken as
positive.
Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along y-axis) are taken as
negative.
These new Cartesian sign convention for spherical mirrors are shown below in the
figure
Mirror formula and magnification

Mirror formula:It gives the relationship between image distance (v) , object distance (u) and the focal length (f) of the
mirror and is written as
1/v+1/u=1/f
Where v is the distance of image from the mirror, u is the distance of object from the mirror and f is the focal
length of the mirror. This formula is valid in all situations for all spherical mirrors for all positions of the
object.
Magnification
Magnification produced by a spherical mirror gives the relative extent to which the image of an object is
magnified with respect to the object size. It is expressed as the ratio of the height of the image to the height
of the object. It is usually represented by the letter m.
So,
or,
m=h1/h2
The magnification m is also related to the object distance (u) and image
distance (v) and is given as
m=h1/h2=v/u

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Uri Attaacks

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Introduction

1. Absorbed:- If an object absorbs all the light falling on it , then it will

Real and Virtual images

The images are of two types

Image Formation by Spherical mirrors

Rules for obtaining images formed by spherical mirrors

Image formation by concave mirror

Image formation by convex mirrors

Sign convention for reflection by spherical mirrors

Mirror formula and magnification

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