National Green Hydrogen Mission

National
Green
Hydrogen
Mission
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Global Race for Clean Energy Technologies
● In August 2021: National Hydrogen Energy Mission was launched under the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
● In April 2022: India’s first 99.999% pure green hydrogen plant was commissioned by Oil India in
Jorhat, Assam.
● In January 2023: The Cabinet approved the National Green Hydrogen Mission, implemented
by MNRE.
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What is Green Hydrogen (GH₂)?
Green hydrogen is produced by splitting water (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂)
using renewable electricity through electrolysis.
● Electrolyser Process: Electrolysers are devices that split water into hydrogen and
oxygen using electricity. They have two electrodes:
○ Cathode (negative): Water molecules gain electrons and are reduced, forming
hydrogen gas (H₂).
○ Anode (positive): Water molecules lose electrons and are oxidized, producing
oxygen gas (O₂).
● Other Types of Hydrogen:

○ Grey Hydrogen: Produced from methane (CH₄), releasing CO₂ (a greenhouse
gas).
○ Blue Hydrogen: Similar to grey but includes Carbon Capture and Storage3
(CCS) to reduce CO₂ emissions.
Mission Objectives
● To establish India as a global hub for green hydrogen production.
Expected Outcomes by 2030

● 5 million metric tonnes per annum (MMT) production capacity.
● 125 GW renewable energy capacity addition.
● Rs. 8 lakh crores in total investments.
● Creation of 6 lakh jobs.
● Abate 50 million metric tonnes of annual GHG emissions.
● Reduce fossil fuel imports by over Rs. 1 lakh crore.
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Mission Components
1. Demand Creation: Both for export and domestic use.
2. SIGHT Program:
○ Financial incentives for electrolyzer manufacturing.
○ Financial support for green hydrogen production.
3. Green Hydrogen Hubs: Regions identified for large-scale H₂ production and
utilization.
4. SHIP (Strategic Hydrogen Innovation Partnership): Public-private
partnership for R&D.
5. Standards and Regulations: Establishing a robust framework.
6. R&D and Pilot Projects: Focused on end-use sectors and emerging
production pathways.
7. Skill Development: A coordinated programme to train the workforce.
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Significance
● NDC Targets (Paris Agreement 2015): Contribute to reducing India’s
emissions intensity by 33-35% from 2005 levels by 2030.
● Net-Zero by 2070: India's commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by
2070.
● Energy Independence by 2047: Reducing import dependency for primary
energy needs.
● Ability to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors like heavy industries and
transportation.
How is Green Hydrogen Produced?
1. Generation of Renewable Energy: Solar, wind, or hydroelectric power.
2. Electrolysis: Using electrolyzers to split water into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂).
3. Storage and Transport: The purified H₂ gas is stored for applications in industries,
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transport, etc.
Challenges
1. Commercial Viability: Reducing costs to $2/kg for competitiveness with natural
gas.
2. High Production Costs: Due to electrolyzer scalability and energy
requirements.
3. Energy Intensive: Significant electricity required for electrolysis.
4. Storage and Transportation: Requires either high pressure or low
temperatures, which are technically challenging.
5. Infrastructure: Need for refueling stations and pipelines.
6. Low User Awareness: Public and industrial awareness remains limited.
Way Forward
1. Increase Renewable Capacity: To lower the cost of GH₂.
2. Infrastructure Development: Hydrogen refueling stations, pipelines, and
storage facilities.
3. Regulatory Incentives: Tax credits and subsidies to promote GH₂ adoption.
4. Demonstration Projects: Pilot programs to test and validate GH₂ solutions.
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Additional Information
● Green Ammonia: Produced by combining green hydrogen with nitrogen from the air, used as
a fertilizer, and a potential fuel. It plays a role in decarbonizing sectors like shipping.
● Gasification of Biomass: Organic materials are converted into hydrogen, CO₂, and other by-
products through high-temperature processes. This provides another renewable pathway for
hydrogen production.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

● CCS and Sequestration: Technologies for capturing CO₂ from industrial processes or
hydrogen production are key to Blue Hydrogen. CO₂ can be stored in geological formations,
such as undersea rock layers, to prevent its release into the atmosphere, reducing the carbon
footprint of hydrogen production.
Hydrogen Energy: A Backgrounder

● Hydrogen's Role: Zero carbon content, highest energy content by weight but lowest by
volume. By 2050, it is expected to make up 6% of total energy consumption (IRENA).
● Usage: Hydrogen can be used in two main ways:
1. Burned to produce heat.
2. Fuel cells: To produce electricity for vehicles, industries, and the grid.
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Electrolyzer: Overview and Cost
● Function: The electrolyzer is the central device in electrolysis, consisting of two
electrodes separated by an electrolyte.
● Working:
○ Cathode: Hydrogen gas (H₂) is produced at the negative electrode.
○ Anode: Oxygen gas (O₂) is produced at the positive electrode.
● Types: Alkaline, PEM, SOEC, and AEM (discussed above).
● Cost:
○ Standard quality electrolyzer (PEM or alkaline) in India costs around INR
40,000 to 60,000 per kW.
○ For larger scale plants, the cost can range from INR 30 lakh to 60 lakh per
MW depending on technology, efficiency, and capacity
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Green Ammonia
● What is Green Ammonia?
1. Produced by combining green hydrogen with nitrogen (from the air) through the
Haber-Bosch process.
2. It is primarily used in agriculture (fertilizers) but is increasingly being considered as a
carbon-free fuel for ships and a medium for storing energy.
● Production Process:
1. Electrolyzers produce green hydrogen.
2. Nitrogen is separated from the air.
3. The hydrogen and nitrogen are synthesized to form green ammonia (NH₃).
Syngas (Synthesis Gas)

● Composition: Mixture of hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and small amounts of
carbon dioxide (CO₂).
● Production: Generated via biomass gasification or coal gasification.
● Applications:
1. Used as a fuel for generating electricity and heat.
2. Can be used to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG), methanol, and other
chemicals.
3. Provides a feedstock for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for producing synthetic 11
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
● Blue Hydrogen: Produced through methane reforming but with added Carbon
Capture and Storage (CCS) technology.
● CCS Process:
○ CO₂ emitted during hydrogen production is captured.
○ This CO₂ is compressed and transported to underground geological formations
(e.g., depleted oil fields or deep saline formations) for permanent storage.
● Subsea Carbon Sequestration:

○ Sequestration below sea level is one of the most effective storage options, where
CO₂ is injected into undersea rock formations, preventing its release into the
atmosphere.
○ This technology is crucial in mitigating climate change by ensuring CO₂ does not
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contribute to greenhouse gases.

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● Other Types of Hydrogen:

Expected Outcomes by 2030

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Hydrogen Energy: A Backgrounder

Syngas (Synthesis Gas)

● Subsea Carbon Sequestration:

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