Res Unit-1

U19EE1004
RE S
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Syllabus
U19EE918V RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 3 0 0 3
COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of this course the students will be able to,
•Describe the power demand scenario in world level and impact of various renewable energy sources in satisfying power
demand.
•Explain the principle of operation and the application of solar system.
• Outline in the components and to find the suitability based on the performance of wind energy and Conversion system,
biomass energy system
•Describe the principle of operation and the application of geo thermal power tidal power generation scheme, wave energy
and OTEC scheme.
•Illustrate the emerging energy generation systems of MHD, Thermal and fuel cells applications.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
World energy futures–Energy sources and their availability – Energy cycle of the earth – environmental aspects of energy
utilization – Energy plantation- Renewable energy resources and their importance- Prospects of Renewable energy sources.
UNIT II SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Introduction –Solar radiation and measurements-Solar energy collectors-solar energy storage systems- Solar pond and
applications- Applications of solar energy: solar pumping, solar cooking, solar distillation and solar greenhouse.
UNIT III WIND AND BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Introduction – Wind Energy conversion- Wind speed and power relation – Power extracted from wind – wind distribution
and wind speed predictions – types of Wind power systems.
Bio mass conversion technologies-Biogas generation-Types of biogas plants-Bio gas from plant wastes- Utilization of Bio
gas and applications.
24/11/2024 Dr.V.SHANMUGASUNDARAM 2
Syllabus
U19EE1004 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS 3 0 0 3
COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of this course the students will be able to,
•Describe the power demand scenario in world level and impact of various renewable energy sources in satisfying power
demand.
•Explain the principle of operation and the application of solar system.
• Outline in the components and to find the suitability based on the performance of wind energy and Conversion system,
biomass energy system
•Describe the principle of operation and the application of geo thermal power tidal power generation scheme, wave energy
and OTEC scheme.
•Illustrate the emerging energy generation systems of MHD, Thermal and fuel cells applications.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
World energy futures–Energy sources and their availability – Energy cycle of the earth – environmental aspects of energy
utilization – Energy plantation- Renewable energy resources and their importance- Prospects of Renewable energy sources.
UNIT II SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Introduction –Solar radiation and measurements-Solar energy collectors-solar energy storage systems- Solar pond and
applications- Applications of solar energy: solar pumping, solar cooking, solar distillation and solar greenhouse.
UNIT III WIND AND BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Introduction – Wind Energy conversion- Wind speed and power relation – Power extracted from wind – wind distribution
and wind speed predictions – types of Wind power systems.
Bio mass conversion technologies-Biogas generation-Types of biogas plants-Bio gas from plant wastes- Utilization of Bio
gas and applications.
24/11/2024 Dr.V.SHANMUGASUNDARAMKKKK 3
Syllabus
UNIT IV GEO THERMAL, TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS 9
Geothermal energy – Estimates of Geothermal power- site selection for geothermal power plant- Applications of
Geothermal energy.
Origin of tides – Basic principle of Tidal power- Operation of a Tidal power plant. Ocean Thermal Energy conversion
system- Open and closed OTEC cycles- Prospects of ocean thermal energy conversion in India.
UNIT V EMERGING ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) Power Generation- MHD systems and its operation. Thermo Electric power
generation- Basic principle- Thermo electric power generator.
Thermonuclear fusion energy-Nuclear fusion and reactions- Advantages. Fuel cell- classification of fuel cells- Fuel cell
based electrical power generation scheme- Applications.
Lecture: 45; Tutorial: 0; Total: 45

TEXT BOOKS:
•Rai, G.D., “Non-Conventional Energy Sources”, Khanna Publishers, Sixth Edition 2017.
•Khan, B.H, Non- Conventional Energy Resources”, Mc. Graw Hill Education Ltd, third reprint 2017.
REFERENCE BOOK
•Rao S. Paruklekar,B.B, “Energy Technology – Non Conventional, Renewable and Conventional”,
KhannaPublishers,1994.
•F.Kreith and J.F.Kreider, “Principles of Solar Engineering”, McGraw Hill.
•T.N.Veziroglu, “Alternative Energy Sources”, Vol 5 and 6, McGraw Hill.
•Mukund R.Patel, “Wind and Solar Power Systems”, CRC Press LLC.
Evaluation Strategy
Grading will be based on the following:

Lectures:
CIE (3) : 24 Marks
QUIZ (3) : 6 Marks
Assignment : 5 Marks
Attendance : 5 Marks
End Semester Exam : 60 Marks
Minimum 80% attendance is compulsory
Unit -1
INTRODUCTION
World energy futures–Energy sources and their

availability – Energy cycle of the earth –
environmental aspects of energy utilization –
Energy plantation- Renewable energy resources
and their importance- Prospects of Renewable
energy sources.
Course Outcome
Describe the power demand scenario in world level and impact of various
renewable energy sources in satisfying power demand.
Explain the principle of operation and the application of solar system.
Outline in the components and to find the suitability based on the performance of
wind energy and Conversion system, biomass energy system
Describe the principle of operation and the application of geo thermal power tidal
power generation scheme, wave energy and OTEC scheme.
Illustrate the emerging energy generation systems of MHD, Thermal and fuel cells
applications.
INTRODUCTION
Energy
The ability of a body or system to do work or produce a change
Or
Energy is a property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform the
work.
Units:
Expressed usually in joules or kilowatt hours (kWh).
Energy is a conserved quantity
Law of Conservation of Energy:

It cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one type to
another.
Energy
Energy Classification
Energy Resources
 The main sources of energy from which the

energy can be extracted and utilized for man
kind.
 These energy resources can be classified
based on usability of energy resources, long-
term availability, commercial application and
origin.
Primary Resources:
• Available in nature in raw form.
• Fossil fuels(coal ,oil and gas),uranium and
Hydro power.
• Cannot be used in raw form.
• Have to be located, extracted, processed and
converted in to suitable form before use.
Secondary Resources:
• Obtained from primary resources.
• Processing helps in transforming primary
resources in to secondary resources.
• Electricity, steam, hot water, petrol, diesel,
LNG and CNG .
Conventional:
Energy resources which have been traditionally
used from many years and likely to be
depleted(50-60 years).
Non-Conventional:
Alternate energy resources to conventional
which are being considered to be used on large
scale.
Renewable:
Resources which can
be renewed by nature
again and again so
that there supply is
not adversely affected
by the rate of there
consumption.
Non-Renewable:
Resources which are
available in certain
finite quantity and
cannot be replenished.
Commercial Energy resources:

Secondary usable energy resources such as electricity ,
CNG, LPG, petrol and diesel are essential for commercial
activities.
Processing capability affects the economy of the nation.
Non-Commercial Energy Resources:
Energy which can be derived directly from nature so as
to be used without passing through any commercial
outlet.
Eg:Wood,crop residues..Etc.
Energy Classification Different Origin
Thermal Wind
Hydro Tidal
Nuclear Geothermal
Fossil fuel OTEC
Solar
Biomass
Energy Parameters
The consumption of energy as well as the

growth of energy requirement has to be
monitored by every nation.
The energy parameters are measured using

GDP(Gross Domestic Product)
GDP: Is the value of all finished goods and
services produced in a given period.
Energy Parameters
Energy Intensity :
Is the measure of the efficiency in utilizing energy in developing national economy.
Factors:
• Energy efficiency of appliances
• Fuel economy of the vehicles
• Frequency of travel and larger geographical distances
• Pattern of transportation
• Availability of mass transit system and capacity of utilization
• Efforts to conserve energy
• Weather
Intensity around the world:
USA and Japan have reduced Intensity
India has power intensity which is 8.5 times higher than Japan and 2 times higher
than USA
Energy Parameters
Energy Elasticity:
Energy should contribute in increasing the GDP

For developed nations: 0.8 to 1.0
For India: 1.2
Classification of Energy
Primary energy
Based on usability sources
Secondary energy
of energy sources
Classification of
Conventional
Based on
energy sources
traditional use of Non –conventional
Energy
energy energy source

Non- renewable
Based on long- energy source
term availability Renewable energy
of energy sources
Commercial
Based on energy source
commercial Non-commercial
application energy source
Classification of Energy
Classification of Energy Source Sub-Classification of Energy Source Example
Solar, coal, oil, uranium, hydro-

Primary energy sources
energy
Based on usability of energy
electrical energy, thermal energy
Secondary energy sources
chemical energy
fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro

Conventional energy sources
resources
Based on traditional use
Non –conventional energy source Solar, wind, biomass
Non- renewable energy source fossil fuels, uranium

Based on long-term availability
solar energy, wind energy, tidal
Renewable energy sources
energy, water energy
electricity, coal and refined
Commercial energy source
petroleum products
Based on commercial application
Non-commercial energy source firewood, cattle, dung
Energy Statistics 2020
Contd…
Sector Power in MW % of Contribution
Central Sector 93,477 25.2%
State Sector 1,03,322 27.9%
Private Sector 1,73,549 46.9%
Total 3,70,348
Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal 2,30,600 62.8%
Coal 1,98,525 54.2%
Lignite 1.7%
6,610
Gas 24,955 6.7%
Diesel 510 0.1%
Hydro (Renewable) 45,699 12.4%
Nuclear 6,780 1.9%
RES* (MNRE) 87,269 23.6%
Total 3,70,348
Generation and growth in
conventional generation
Energy Generation from
Year Conventional Sources % of growth
(BU)
2009-10 771.551 6.6
2010-11 811.143 5.56
2011-12 876.887 8.11
2012-13 912.056 4.01
2013-14 967.150 6.04
2014-15 1048.673 8.43
2015-16 1107.822 5.64
2016-17 1160.141 4.72
2017-18 1206.306 3.98
2018-19 1249.337 3.57
2019-20 1252.611 0.26
Power Consumption in Tamil Nadu
Purchasing Power Parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a theory that says that in the long run
(typically over several decades), the exchange rates between countries should even out
so that goods essentially cost the same amount in both countries.
The Theory of Purchasing Power Parity explains that there should be no

arbitrage opportunities (where price differences between countries can result in
profit). Purchasing power parity is used to compare the gross domestic product (GDP)
between countries.
Growth of Electricity Consumption in India
% of Total
Fiscal year Consumption Per-Capita Consumption
ending on (GWh) Domestic Commercial Industrial Traction Agriculture Misc (in kWh)
31-Dec-1947 4,182 10.11% 4.26% 70.78% 6.62% 2.99% 5.24% 16.3

31-Dec-1950 5,610 9.36% 5.51% 72.32% 5.49% 2.89% 4.44% 18.2
31-Mar-1956 10,150 9.20% 5.38% 74.03% 3.99% 3.11% 4.29% 30.9
31-Mar-1961 16,804 8.88% 5.05% 74.67% 2.70% 4.96% 3.75% 45.9
31-Mar-1966 30,455 7.73% 5.42% 74.19% 3.47% 6.21% 2.97% 73.9
31-Mar-1974 55,557 8.36% 5.38% 68.02% 2.76% 11.36% 4.13% 126.2
31-Mar-1979 84,005 9.02% 5.15% 64.81% 2.60% 14.32% 4.10% 171.6
31-Mar-1985 124,569 12.45% 5.57% 59.02% 2.31% 16.83% 3.83% 228.7
31-Mar-1990 195,098 15.16% 4.89% 51.45% 2.09% 22.58% 3.83% 329.2
31-Mar-1997 315,294 17.53% 5.56% 44.17% 2.09% 26.65% 4.01% 464.6
31-Mar-2002 374,670 21.27% 6.44% 42.57% 2.16% 21.80% 5.75% 671.9
31-Mar-2007 525,672 21.12% 7.65% 45.89% 2.05% 18.84% 4.45% 559.2
31-March-2012 785,194 22.00% 8.00% 45.00% 2.00% 18.00% 5.00% 883.6
31-March-2013 824,301 22.29% 8.83% 44.40% 1.71% 17.89% 4.88% 914.4
31-March-2014 881,562 22.95% 8.80% 43.17% 1.75% 18.19% 5.14% 957
31-March-2015 938,823 23.53% 8.77% 42.10% 1.79% 18.45% 5.37% 1010.0
31-March-2016 1,001,191 23.86% 8.59% 42.30% 1.66% 17.30% 6.29% 1075
31-March-2017 1,066,268 24.32% 9.22% 40.01% 1.61% 18.33% 6.50% 1122
EVOLUTION OF THE INDIAN POWER SECTOR
Capacity Addition of Energy
ENERGY BUDGET
The ways (and how much) energy is used and

transferred on Earth by being absorbed, reflected or
radiated
Global Energy Budget
16% is absorbed by
gases and dust in the
air and 6% reflected Some absorbed heat
is radiated back into
atm. *a large % as
51% of energy latent heat in water
absorbed by land vapor
and water
20% of sunlight 4% reflected by
reflected by clouds and surface and back
3% is absorbed into atmosphere
Earth Energy Cycle
Important Elements
Carbon : ▪Builds proteins

▪4 valence electrons ▪Nitrogen bases in DNA
▪Good at bonding Oxygen :
▪Macromolecules ▪Water
Hydrogen: ▪Cellular Respiration
▪Provides energy transfer Phosphorus :
▪Photosynthesis ▪Phospholipid
▪Water ▪ Cell Membrane
Nitrogen : ▪Sugar and Phosphate
▪Important part of amino Backbone
acid ▪ DNA
Earth Energy Cycles
• Water cycle
• Carbon cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
Water Cycle
Water Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Energy Cycles
• Combustion of hydro carbon based fuels in industrial
activity generates by-product materials –causes air pollution
• Emissions:
Particulate matter(dust)-burning of coal , lignite etc..
Sulphur oxides: combustion of oil and coal due to sulphur
content
Nitrogen oxides: combustion of fuel and air
Carbon monoxide: imperfect combustion of fuels
Carbon dioxide: contributer to global warming and climatic
change
“Global warming is the continuing rise in average temperature of the earths atmosphere
And ocean surface due to green house effect”
 Snow and ice melting
 Loss of bio diversity
 Increasing ocean temperature and rising sea levels
 Extreme weather events
 Altered rain fall pattern
 More severe heat waves
 Food shortages
BIODIVERSITY
The number and types of plants and animals that exist in

a particular area in the world generally
Or
The problem of protecting this
Importance of Renewable Energy Sources
• Conventional sources are non-renewable and

finite assets.
• Present rate of consumption is declining the
availability of conventional sources.
• Demand of energy is increasing rapidly.
• Conventional sources cause pollution leading to
degradation of environment.
• Large hydro resources affects wild life and
deforestation.
Measures taken
• Govt of India established a commission for additional sources of energy (CASE) in
the department of science and technology in March 1981.
• In 1982 CASE was incorporated in the department of non-conventional energy
sources(DNES) under the ministry of energy.
• A non-banking financial institution Indian renewable energy development agency
Ltd(IREDA) was established in 1987 to promote renewable energy projects.
• Solar energy corporation of India(SECI)-exclusively for solar energy
• In 1992 DNES is converted to MNES(Ministry of non-conventional energy sources.
• In 2006 MNES was renamed as MNRE(Ministry of new renewable energy)
www.mnre.gov.in
Conservation of Energy
World Energy Futures
• Essential Considerations
– Energy Security and Equity
• Ensuring availability and accessibility of energy for all
– Energy sustainability
• Ensuring energy availability for current and future generations
– Environment sustainability
• Ensuring clean & safe environment for current & future generations
• This involves
Reduction of pollution
Avoiding over-utilisation of resources
Energy Trilemma
• Current Scenario
– Major source : Fossil Fuel
• Coal for thermal power plant, Petroleum for transportation etc.
• Burden on the non-renewable energy sources
• Pollute the environment
– Moving trend: Renewable Energy Sources

• Renewable: freely and abundantly available in nature
• Aimed at reducing
Carbon imprint
Burden on the fossil fuels
• Current Scenario - Shortcomings
– Intermittency of renewable energy
• Changes in availability are highly unpredictable
• Availability changes from max to zero in an instant
• High dependence on energy storage (not cost-effective)
– Switch to Renewable is not sufficient

• Carbon concentration doesn’t reduce with opting renewable
• Carbon absorption and utilisation should be ensured

Plant cover etc.
• Secure Energy Future
– Consumers don’t impact in a great way
• Small scale renewable generation
• Planting tree covers
• Yet, majority use the energy that is provided by the major players
– Create an impact on Major players

• Policymakers and stakeholders & Senior energy leaders
• WEC provides scenarios for the major players to analyse

instead of setting up rules
• World energy scenario by 2050

– Energy complexity will increase
– Energy efficiency is crucial (when demand exceeds supply)
– Energy mix will mainly be fossil based
– There is no unique solution: rather based on regional priorities
– For a low carbon future:
• Not only renewables, but consumer behaviour & carbon capture
– Carbon capture utilisation and storage, solar energy and energy

storage systems are the key uncertainties
RENEWABLE ENERGY
WORLD SOURCES
ENERGY USE
World demand for crude oil in 2022 was 94.5 million
b/d and demand for natural gas was 149 Tcf. (trillion
cubic feet)
TCF = 28316846592 m3
While the International Energy Agency (IEA) projects
increasing use of renewables, improved energy efficiency
and a shift toward electric vehicles, oil and natural gas
will continue to meet rising demand for petrochemicals
and to fuel transportation by land, sea and air.
Natural gas demand --seek to lower greenhouse gas

emissions by displacing
coal for heating and power generation.
RENEWABLE
WORLD ENERGY USE
ENERGY
How is Energy used Globally?
SOURCES
With the global population expected to increase by
about two billion over the next two decades, and with
improving standards of living,
it is estimated that electricity
consumption will increase 50% from
2021 to 2040
Current demand for fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) is

66% of total energy demand.
The remaining sources include nuclear power,

biofuels, hydro, and other renewables such as solar,
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
SOURCES
Energy Consumption by the

WORLD ENERGY USE
Numbers
IEA World Energy Outlook 2021:

Global population is expected to grow
from just under 8 billion in 2022 to
over 8.5 billion in 2030

8.5 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050.

Increased energy demand

RENEWABLE ENERGY
Energy SOURCES
Reserves
• economically
 An energy reservewith the of resources
represent that portion
that can be recovered
application of extraction currently technology
available
•.
Reserves include only recoverable energy.
 An energy resource includes all discovered, unknown,
accessible, inaccessible, measurable, and hypothetical
energy that can be extracted from a particular source of
energy
Energy Resources Vs. Reserves
The relationship between energy resource vs. reserve is

that an energy reserve is part of the overall energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Energy Resources
 Energy may come from renewable or nonrenewable

resources.
 Non renewable energy resources are exhaustible sources

that will eventually run out.
 Renewable energy resources are perpetually replenish
able. Some examples of renewable energy resources are
solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, and hydropower energy.
 The majority of energy used to fuel modern civilization is

derived from nonrenewable sources of energy like coal,
petroleum, and natural gas, which are also known as fossil
fuels.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES

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U19EE1004

UNIT II SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

UNIT III WIND AND BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

UNIT II SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

UNIT III WIND AND BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

UNIT V EMERGING ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Lecture: 45; Tutorial: 0; Total: 45

Grading will be based on the following:

World energy futures–Energy sources and their

Explain the principle of operation and the application of solar system.

Energy is a conserved quantity

Law of Conservation of Energy:

 The main sources of energy from which the

Commercial Energy resources:

The consumption of energy as well as the

The energy parameters are measured using

Energy should contribute in increasing the GDP

energy energy source

Solar, coal, oil, uranium, hydro-

fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro

Non- renewable energy source fossil fuels, uranium

The Theory of Purchasing Power Parity explains that there should be no

31-Dec-1947 4,182 10.11% 4.26% 70.78% 6.62% 2.99% 5.24% 16.3

31-Mar-1961 16,804 8.88% 5.05% 74.67% 2.70% 4.96% 3.75% 45.9

31-Mar-1966 30,455 7.73% 5.42% 74.19% 3.47% 6.21% 2.97% 73.9

31-Mar-1974 55,557 8.36% 5.38% 68.02% 2.76% 11.36% 4.13% 126.2

31-Mar-1979 84,005 9.02% 5.15% 64.81% 2.60% 14.32% 4.10% 171.6

31-Mar-1985 124,569 12.45% 5.57% 59.02% 2.31% 16.83% 3.83% 228.7

31-Mar-1990 195,098 15.16% 4.89% 51.45% 2.09% 22.58% 3.83% 329.2

31-Mar-1997 315,294 17.53% 5.56% 44.17% 2.09% 26.65% 4.01% 464.6

31-Mar-2002 374,670 21.27% 6.44% 42.57% 2.16% 21.80% 5.75% 671.9

31-Mar-2007 525,672 21.12% 7.65% 45.89% 2.05% 18.84% 4.45% 559.2

31-March-2012 785,194 22.00% 8.00% 45.00% 2.00% 18.00% 5.00% 883.6

31-March-2013 824,301 22.29% 8.83% 44.40% 1.71% 17.89% 4.88% 914.4

31-March-2014 881,562 22.95% 8.80% 43.17% 1.75% 18.19% 5.14% 957

31-March-2015 938,823 23.53% 8.77% 42.10% 1.79% 18.45% 5.37% 1010.0

31-March-2016 1,001,191 23.86% 8.59% 42.30% 1.66% 17.30% 6.29% 1075

31-March-2017 1,066,268 24.32% 9.22% 40.01% 1.61% 18.33% 6.50% 1122

The ways (and how much) energy is used and

Carbon : ▪Builds proteins

 Loss of bio diversity

 Increasing ocean temperature and rising sea levels

 Extreme weather events

 Altered rain fall pattern

 More severe heat waves

The number and types of plants and animals that exist in

• Conventional sources are non-renewable and

the department of science and technology in March 1981.

• In 1982 CASE was incorporated in the department of non-conventional energy

sources(DNES) under the ministry of energy.

• A non-banking financial institution Indian renewable energy development agency

Ltd(IREDA) was established in 1987 to promote renewable energy projects.

• Solar energy corporation of India(SECI)-exclusively for solar energy

• In 1992 DNES is converted to MNES(Ministry of non-conventional energy sources.

• In 2006 MNES was renamed as MNRE(Ministry of new renewable energy)

• Burden on the non-renewable energy sources

• Pollute the environment

– Moving trend: Renewable Energy Sources

• Availability changes from max to zero in an instant