1 Introduction

Non - Conventional Energy Sources

[V SEM MECHANICAL PROGRAM ELECTIVE]
MME 4078: NON - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

NON - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
SOURCES [3 0 0 3]
Introduction: Energy-different forms of energy, Energy sources, Need for
renewable energy sources, India’s production and reserves of Commercial
energy sources and potential of Renewable energy resources, Benefits and
limitations. [02]
Solar energy and radiation: Solar air heaters, Cooking, Drying, Distillation,
Space heating, Refrigeration, Power generation-low, medium and high
temperature cycle. Solar radiation -Solar constant, Solar radiation at the
earth’s surface, Measurement of solar radiation, solar radiation geometry
(Basic earth sun angles and derived solar angles), Empirical equations for
predicting the availability of solar radiation, solar radiations on tilted surface,
Numerical examples. [10]
Liquid flat-plate collectors: Principles of the conversion of solar radiation

into heat, Description of flat plate collector, Performance analysis,
Transmissivity of cover systems, Transmissivity-absorptivity product, Overall
loss coefficient , One dimensional analysis, Collector efficiency factor and
Heat removal factor, Numerical examples, Effects of various parameters on
performance testing. [07]
Wind energy: Principles of wind power, Total power, maximum power (Betz
theory), Actual power, Types of windmill, Wind turbine operation, Forces on
the blades and thrust on turbines, Numerical examples, Site selection,
Advantages and limitations. [04]
Ocean energy:Wave energy, energy and power from the wave. Wave energy
conversion by floats - Oscillating float air pump and Buoy-Dolphin type,
Numerical examples, Advantages and limitations. Tidal energy, Tidal energy
conversion by single pool system and two pool system, Numerical examples,
Advantages and limitations. Principle of OTEC, Open cycle, closed cycle and
hybrid cycle systems, Advantages and limitations. [03]
Hydel plant and Geothermal energy: Small scale hydel plant: Classification,
Scope, Bulb turbine, Tube turbine, Advantages and limitations. Geothermal
energy conversion: Principle of working, Hydrothermal and Petro-thermal
systems, Advantages and limitations. [02]
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, MIT, Manipal 1

Biomass energy: Types of biomass, Biogas production from organic waste by an aerobic
fermentation – three stages of production, Influencing factors for the generation of
biogas, Types of biogas plants – floating gas holder plant, Fixed dome plant, Community
biogas plant, Numericals on cow-dung digester (Design is not involved), Ethanol
production – from wood by acid hydrolysis and from sugar cane, Thermo-chemical method
of bio-conversion-combustion-updraft gasifier and down draft gasifier, pyrolysis method.
[03]
Direct energy conversion: Conversion of thermal energy into electricity – Thermo-electric

converters, Thermo- ionic converters, numerical examples, Conversion of chemical energy
into electricity-Fuel Cells, H2-O2 acidic fuel cell, Conversion of electromagnetic energy into
electricity-Working principle of solar cells, MHD generators, Types of MHD converters,
related numerical examples. [05]
MME 4026: NON - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

[3 0 0 3]
References:
1. Sukatme S. P., Solar Energy Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, Tata Mc Graw
Hill, 2005.
2. El-Wakil M M, Power plant Technology, McGraw Hill International, 1984.
3. Rai G. D., Non-conventional Energy Sources, Khanna Publications, 1997.
4. Rao S and Dr. Parulekar B. B., Energy Technology, Khanna Publishers, 2004.
5. Culp A.W., Principles of Energy Conversion, McGraw Hill International, 2001.
6. Gupta S. C., Thermodynamics, Pearson Education, 2009.

1. Basic Concept and Definitions

Introduction:
COVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES & NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

SOURCES
• Conventional Sources of Energy
I. The sources of energy which have been in use for a long time, e.g., coal, petroleum,
natural gas and water power.
II. They are exhaust able except water.
III. They cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke and ash.
IV. They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they are carried
over long distance through transmission grid and lines.
• Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
I. The resources which are yet in the process of development over the past few years. It
includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal.
II. They are inexhaustible.
III. They are generally pollution free.
IV. Less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain.
• RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES &NON RENWABLE ENERGY

SOURCES
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources which
are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves,
and geothermal heat.
A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew
itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-
frames. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic
material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Earth
minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas) and groundwater in
certain aquifers are all non-renewable resources.
• RESOURCES & PROVED RESERVES
Resources imply an estimate of the total quantity available that may be eventually be
successfully exploited and used by man.
Proved reserves refers to that portion of the resources which has been proved to exist and
can be economically recovered with available technique.
• ASSOCIATED GAS & NON ASSOCIATED GAS
Natural gas is a mixture of various compounds of carbon and hydrogen and small
quantities of non-hydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase, or in solution with oil in

natural underground reservoirs. It is classified in to two categories – Associated gas &

Non-associated gas.
Associated gas is natural gas (50% methane +20% ethane + 10% propane) originating
from fields producing both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons simultaneously.
Non-associated gas is natural gas (90% methane) which is obtained independently. It is
generally found in space above an oil reservoir or aquifer.
Energy-different forms of energy

❖ Thermal
❖ Wind
❖ Biomass
❖ Ocean
❖ Hydro
❖ Wave
❖ Nuclear
❖ Solar
❖ Geothermal
❖ Tidal
❖ Chemical
❖ Hydrogen etc
Energy sources –Classification

➢ PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES
Coal, Oil, Uranium
➢ SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES
Agricultural output
➢ SUPPLEMENTARY ENERGY SOURCES
Thermal insulation
Need for renewable energy sources

FOSSIL FUELS
➢ Scarcity
➢ High demand, growing demand
➢ No replenishment
➢ Rising price
➢ Over dependency, growing dependency
➢ Emission of toxic gases & combustion products leading to global warming,
greenhouse effect and air pollution.
Resource status/forecast
The average rate of increase of oil production in the world is declining and a peak in
production may be reached around 2015.
Natural Gas – 2025

Coal – 2050
Also fossil fuels are used extensively as feed stock material for the manufacture of organic
chemicals.
Benefits and limitations.

Advantages
1) Renewable energy is an indigenous resource available in considerable quantities to all
developing nations and capable, in principle, of having a significant local, regional or
national economic impact. The use of renewable energy could help to conserve
foreign exchange and generate local employment if conservation technologies are
designed, manufactured, assembled and installed locally.
2) Several renewable options are financially and economically competitive for certain
applications, such as in remote locations, where the costs of transmitting electrical
power or transporting conventional fuels are high, or in those well endowed with
biomass, hydro or geothermal resources.
3) Because conversion technology tends to be flexible and modular, it can usually be
rapid deployed. Other advantages of modular over very large individual units include
easy in adding new capacity, less risk in comparison with “lumpy” investments, lower
interest on borrowed capital because of shorter lead times and reduced transmission
and distribution costs for dispersed rural locations.
4) Rapid scientific and technological advantages are expected to expand the economic
range of renewable energy applications over the next 8 to 10 years, making it
imperative for international decision makers and planners to keep abreast of these
developments.
Obstacles to the Implementation of Renewable Energy Sources
1) Inadequate documentation and evaluation of past experience, paucity of validated
field performance data and a lack of clear priorities for future work.
2) Weak or non-existent institutions and policies to finance and commercialize
renewable energy systems. With regard to energy planning, separate and completely
uncoordinated organizations are often responsible for petroleum, electricity, coal,
forestry, fuel wood, renewable resources and conservation.
3) Technical and economic uncertainties in many renewable energy systems, high
economic and financial costs for some systems in comparison with conventional
supply options and energy efficiency measures.
4) Skeptical attitudes towards renewable energy systems on the part of the energy
planners and a lack of qualified personnel to design, manufacture, market, operate and
maintain such systems.
5) Inadequate donor coordination in renewable energy assistance activities with little or
no information exchange on successful and unsuccessful projects.

1 Introduction

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 Introduction

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 Introduction

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Non - Conventional Energy Sources

Non - Conventional Energy Sources

MME 4078: NON - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

Liquid flat-plate collectors: Principles of the conversion of solar radiation

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, MIT, Manipal 1

Direct energy conversion: Conversion of thermal energy into electricity – Thermo-electric

MME 4026: NON - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, MIT, Manipal 2

1. Basic Concept and Definitions

COVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES & NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

II. They are exhaust able except water.

II. They are inexhaustible.

III. They are generally pollution free.

IV. Less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain.

• RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES &NON RENWABLE ENERGY

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, MIT, Manipal 3

natural underground reservoirs. It is classified in to two categories – Associated gas &

Energy-different forms of energy

Energy sources –Classification

Need for renewable energy sources

Natural Gas – 2025

Benefits and limitations.

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, MIT, Manipal 5

You might also like