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    Memory Psychology

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    Juice Wrld 999

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    Memory Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Juice Wrld 999
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    memory psychology

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    10 views21 pages

    Memory Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Juice Wrld 999

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    INTRODUCTION

    TO PSYCHOLOGY
    MEMORY

    Akua Amponsah Kusi


    Valley View University
    Outline

    • Definition of memory

    • The stage theory of information process

    • Factors that affective the retrieval of


    information
    • Explanations to forgetfulness

    • Improving memory
    Definition of Memory

    Memory: it is an active process by which people


    encode, store and retrieve information.

    Encode: it is the process by which information is


    initially recorded in a form usable to memory.

    Memory is not a tangible substance but an abstract


    understanding of how the brain encode for storage
    and retrieval of information.
    Information processing model of
    memory

    According to the information processing model


    of memory there are three stages of
    information processing. They are :
    • Sensory Register

    • Short term memory

    • Long term memory


    Sensory Register

    • It is the first stage of memory in which an


    exact image of each sensory experience is held
    briefly until it can be processed.
    • Information in the SR is in the form of the raw
    sensory information received.
    • Information here last between a quarter of a
    second and four seconds.
    • It is an unlimited capacity memory. that is, it
    can limitless information at a time.
    Sensory Register

    Although sensory register is receptive to all


    sensory information, two are studied extensively
    and these are
    • Iconic memory and echoic memory.

    • ICONIC MEMORY: It is the process that


    reflects information from our visual system. It
    stays in the sensory register for a minimum of
    ¼ of a second and maximum of a second.
    Information last longer when the image is
    bright.
    Sensory Register

    • ECHOIC MEMORY: it is the process that stores


    information coming from the auditory system.
    • Information can stay here for about four seconds
    (4 seconds). This has to do with weak echoes. By
    implication strong-echoed sound could last
    longer.

    With attention information is transferred from the


    sensory register to the next stage of information
    processing.
    Short term memory (STM)

    • STM: it is the limited capacity memory


    system in which information is retained for as
    long 30 seconds.
    • It has a capacity of 7+or-2 stimuli.

    The Capacity STM could be expanded through


    chunking
    • Chunks: it is grouping or packing information
    into higher order units that can be
    remembered as single unit.
    Short term memory (STM)

    • One could keep information in the STM for


    long period if they engage in maintenance
    rehearsal. With maintenance rehearsal you
    could keep information for more than 30
    and enhance the chance of transferring
    information to the long long term memory
    • Maintenance rehearsal is the conscious
    repetition of information that increases the
    length of time information stays in the
    short-term memory.
    Short term
    memory (STM)

    • To effectively transfer information to the long term


    memory one need to engage in elaborate rehearsal
    • Elaborate Rehearsal is a process in which a person
    organizes and fashions rehearsed information in a way
    that is easier to transfer to LTM.
    • Organization
    • Linking the information to an existing memory
    • Turning it into an image
    • Organize the information into a logical frame work
    • Mnemonics: it is a technique for organizing materials in a
    ways that makes it more likely to be remembered .E.g.
    acronyms (AIDS), rhymes (30 days have September)etc.
    Short term memory (STM)

    • The short term memory is also referred to as the working


    memory because it is the center for reasoning and
    decision making.
    • According to Allan Baddeley the STM memory is made up
    of three structures that support it. These are
    • The central executive: it coordinates the materials to
    focus on during reasoning and decision-making.
    • Visuospatial sketchpad: it is concentrated on visuo-spatial
    information.
    • Phonological Loop: it is responsible for holding and
    manipulating information relating to words and numbers.
    LONG –TERM MEMORY (LTM)

    LTM: Is a type of memory that holds huge


    amount of information for a period of time,
    relatively permanent.

    • It has unlimited capacity

    • It last for a relatively permanent period of


    time.
    LONG –TERM MEMORY (LTM)

    • Types of LTM
    • The LTM is not seen as a unitary system. It is made up several
    modules. These modules are:
    • Declarative Memory : it is the memory for factual information like
    names, dates faces of people etc. Declarative memory is made up
    of two sub modules these are semantic and episodic memories
    • Semantic Memory: it is the memory that stores general knowledge
    and facts about the world .
    • Episodic Memory: it is the memory that stores information about the
    where and when’s of life happenings. E.g. first day in school, your
    first birthday etc.
    • Procedural Memory: it refers to memories for skills and habits
    such as riding a bike, car or bicycle playing football etc.
    RETRIEVING INFORMATION

    • Recall

    • Recognition

    • Relearning
    Factor Affecting Retrieval Of
    Information

    • Serial position effect: it is the effect of an item’s position in


    a list on our ability to recall. Items at the beginning and
    ending of a list have superior recall over those in the
    middle.

    Primacy effect: it refers to the superior recall of items


    at the beginning of a list.

    Recency effect: it refers to superior recall for items at


    the end of list.

    • Encoding specificity: this has to do with the amount of


    information present at the time of encoding or learning.
    Factor Affecting Retrieval Of
    Information

    • Context and state: research has shown that it easier


    to recall information in the context and state in which
    it was encoded than in a different context and state.

    • Tip of the tongue phenomenon (TOT): it is a situation


    where one is confident that he knows something but
    just cannot pull it out of memory.

    • Retrieval cues: they are stimuli that allow us to


    retrieve information that is located in the LTM more
    easily.
    Forgetting and Why It Occurs

    • Encoding failure: It occurs when one is not able to recall information


    because he did not encode the information in the first place.
    • Retrieval failure
    • Retrieval failure involves the inability to retrieve encoded information
    from the long term memory because of absence of retrieval cues or
    ineffective retrieval cues.
    • Interference: - it is the phenomenon in which recall is hindered
    because other information gets in the way of what we want to
    remember.
    • There are two forms of interference
    • Proactive interference: it occurs when materials learned earlier
    interfere with materials learned later.
    • Retroactive interference: it occurs when materials learned later
    interrupts retrieval of materials earlier.
    •
    Forgetting and Why It Occurs

    • Motivated forgetting: it is the forgetting that is believe to be based


    on the threatening nature or upsetting nature of the information that
    is forgotten. Mostly this is repressed into the unconscious mind
    according to Freud.

    Memory dysfunction

    • Amnesia: it basically means loss of information. There are two types


    of amnesia
    • Anterograde amnesia: it is the memory disorder that affects the retention of new
    information or events.
    • Retrograde amnesia: it involves memory loss for segment of past but not new
    information.

    Decay theory (lose of information through nonuse): this theory says that when
    something new is learned a neurochemical “memory trace” is formed, but
    overtime this trace tend to disintegrate.
    Strategies for Improving
    Memory

    • Good time management: For effective study of your notes you need to
    plan and manage time very well so that you would have enough time to
    study on your own.
    • More attention less distraction: You need to concentrate while studying.
    Paying attention will enhance the transfer of information to the long term
    memory.
    • Understanding is better than rote learning: To be able to encode, store
    and retrieve information from the long term memory it is important to
    understand the content than to cramp it into memory.
    • Ask yourself questions: Self questioning is another process to ensure that
    you understand and remember what you have learned. For example if you
    are studying memory you could close your book to as “what is memory?”,
    “why do we forget?”. If you are able to answer these questions then it
    means you understand and you remember what you have learned so far.
    Strategies for Improving Memory
    • Take notes: Knowing how information is processed to be
    stored in the long term memory, you cannot store all that a
    lecturer says in a lecture or what you read from a book. It is
    therefore important to take notes in a lecture or while
    reading.

    • Use Mnemonics: Mnemonics are specific visual or verbal


    memory aids.

    • Organize the information into a logical framework: Make the


    information coherent and meaningful. This makes it easier to
    store and retrieve.

    • Revise what you have learned: Information is well stored


    when it is consolidated through repeated revision of the
    information.

    • Use effective retrieval cues.


    Thank You

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