Cal BC l2

AP Calculus BC Lecture
2
Derivative
Topics to Cover in this Lecture, Part
1
• Average rate of change (RoC) and instantaneous RoC
• Definition of the derivative
• Derivatives to know for the AP Calculus exam
• Continuity and differentiability
• Derivative rules
• Derivative of inverse functions
• Implicit differentiation
• Related rates
Topics to Cover in this Lecture, Part
2
• L’ Hôpital’s Rule
• Analysis of functions using derivatives
• Applications of the derivative
• Absolute maxima and minima
• Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem (MVT)
Average Rate of Change (RoC)
• Average RoC =
• The line that connects and is called the secant line
• Thus, average RoC = slope of the secant line
e.g) Average RoC of between is
e.g) Average RoC of between is

Instantaneous Rate of Change (RoC)
• Instantaneous RoC =
• In other words, it is just the same concept as average RoC, but
the gap between and is approaching 0
• Thus, instantaneous RoC may only exist at a certain value
• Instantaneous RoC = slope of the tangent line at a specific value
e.g) Instantaneous RoC of at is

Instantaneous Rate of Change (RoC)
• Remember: Instantaneous RoC =
• However, for conventional purposes, we introduce a new variable
• Thus, , and consequently, as .

• can be expressed as
e.g) Instantaneous RoC of at is

The Derivative
• The definition of the derivative:
• This is very similar to the last slide, except (a constant) is changed to , a
variable.
• This equation above gives the general equation for the derivative (i.e: at
any value of )
• is read as “ prime of ”
• Can also be denoted as or , assuming is the range and is the domain
• means “change in (or )”, and similarly, means “change in (or )”
• For example, the derivative of is
Derivative of
Derivative of
Derivatives to Know, Part 1
(All of them can be proved by the
definition)
*Note: For the above, does not need to be an

integer! It can be ANY real number.
Derivatives to Know, Part 2
(All of them can be proved by the
definition)
Continuity and Differentiability
• A function is differentiable when is continuous for all
• e.g) is not differentiable at , because its derivative is for and for , which
makes not continuous
• The derivative of is
• If a function is differentiable, then is always continuous
• In other words, at a specific point, a function can be continuous but not
differentiable
Derivative Rule 1: Power Rule
• If is a positive integer, then *The power rule can be
expanded to real
numbers, so
technically, if , then .
In words, to differentiate
to a real number power,
multiply that power by
raised to the next lower
integer power.
e.g)
e.g)
e.g)
Derivative Rule 2: Constant Factor
Movement
• If is differentiable and , then is also differentiable at and
e.g)
e.g)
e.g)
Derivative Rule 3: Sum and
Difference Rules
• If and are differentiable at , then so are and , and
•
• e.g)
e.g)
Derivative Rule 4: Product Rule
• If functions and are differentiable at , then so is the product ,
and
e.g)
e.g)
Derivative Rule 5: Quotient Rule
• If functions and are differentiable at , and , then so is the quotient , and
e.g)
Notice that , and the derivative

of is
Derivative Rule 6: Chain Rule
• If function is differentiable at point and is differentiable at the point , then
(the composition) is differentiable at point . Moreover, if and , then and .
Generalized Derivative Formulas
Derivatives of Inverse Functions
• Let be a function that is both invertible and differentiable. Let be
the inverse of . For all such that ,
• Proof:
Explicit vs Implicit Differentiation
• Up to now, we have been concerned with differentiating functions that are
expressed in the form ; an equation of this form is said to define explicitly as
a function of , because the variable is alone on one side of the equation
• However, sometimes, functions are equations where is not alone in one side
• Example:
• Example:
• Example: (an equation of a circle with radius 1 at center (0, 0))
• Like explicit differentiation, implicit differentiation still uses (i.e.: we are still
deriving with respect to ).
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose . Below is one method to differentiate (isolating to one side):
However, we propose another method – differentiate both sides of the equation

before solving for in terms of . With this approach, we obtain
Another example: suppose , and we are asked to find

Related Rates
• We would like to find the rate at which some quantity is changing
by relating it to other quantities whose rate of change are known.
• For most of the problems, we have to use at least one commonly known
formula.
• Typically, we differentiate both sides with respect to (time) using the chain
rule.
Related Rates
Assume that oil spilled from a ruptured tanker spreads in a circular
pattern whose radius increases at a constant rate of 2 ft / s. How
fast is the area of the spill increasing when the radius of the spill is
60 ft?
Related Rates
60 ft?
Breaking Down the Problem:

1. Radius increases by 2 ft / s 
2. Radius is 60 ft 
3. Asked to find
Related Rates
60 ft?
Breaking Down the Problem:
1. Radius increases by 2 ft / s 
2. Radius is 60 ft 
3. Asked to find
Solving the Problem: Know that (formula for area of a

circle)
Differentiating with respect to time gives .
Substituting the values gives
L’ Hôpital’s Rule
L’ Hôpital’s Rule – Practice
Let . Let’s find using L’ Hôpital’s Rule.
Problem 1
Problem 1 Answer: E
• Choice A
Problem 1 Answer: E
• Choice B
Problem 1 Answer: E
• Choice C
Problem 1 Answer: E
• Choice D
Problem 1 Answer: E
• Choice E (Correct)
Problem 2
Problem 2 Answer: B
Let . Then,
• ,
• , and
Thus, the limit is equivalent to

Notice that , and . Also, .
Problem 2 Answer: B
Hence, the numerator becomes .
As ,
•
•
•
Substituting gives . Meanwhile, the denominator is still .
Thus, is equivalent to (by dividing ).
Directly substituting the values gives , which corresponds to choice B.
Problem 3
Problem 4

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AP Calculus BC Lecture

e.g) Average RoC of between is

e.g) Average RoC of between is

e.g) Instantaneous RoC of at is

• Thus, , and consequently, as .

e.g) Instantaneous RoC of at is

*Note: For the above, does not need to be an

Notice that , and the derivative

However, we propose another method – differentiate both sides of the equation

Another example: suppose , and we are asked to find

Breaking Down the Problem:

Solving the Problem: Know that (formula for area of a

Thus, the limit is equivalent to

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