Electrical Network Analysis (EE-211)

Lecture-8
Phasors
Mr. Abdul Samiah
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronic and Power Engineering
PNEC-NUST, Karachi, Pakistan
email: [email protected]

Spring 2022
Semester-II

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 Lecture Outline
• Introduction
• Phasors
• Sinusoid-Phasor Transformation
• Derivative and Integral in Phasor Domain
• Example Problems
• Exercise Problems

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 Introduction
• Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more
convenient to work with than sine and cosine functions.

• A complex number can be written in rectangular form as

𝑧 =𝑥+ 𝑗𝑦
• Where , is the real part of and is the imaginary part of .

• The complex number can also be written in polar or exponential form as

𝑗𝜙
𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜙=𝑟 𝑒
• Where is the magnitude of and is the phase angle of .

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 Introduction
• can be represented in three ways:

Rectangular form: 𝑧 =𝑥+ 𝑗𝑦

Polar form: 𝑧=𝑟 ∠ 𝜙
𝑗𝜙
Exponential form: 𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜙=𝑟 𝑒
• The relationship between the rectangular
form and the polar form is shown in figure.
𝑦
𝑟 =√ 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 2 −1
𝜙= tan
𝑥

𝑥=𝑟 cos 𝜙 𝑦 =𝑟 sin 𝜙

• Thus z must be written as
𝑧 =𝑥+ 𝑗𝑦 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜙=𝑟 ( cos 𝜙 + 𝑗 sin 𝜙)
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 Introduction
• Addition and subtraction of complex numbers are better performed in
rectangular form; multiplication and division are better done in polar form.
• Given the complex numbers

𝑧 1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗 𝑦 1 𝑧 2= 𝑥 2+ 𝑗 𝑦 2
• Addition

𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2= ( 𝑥 1 + 𝑗 𝑦 1) + ( 𝑥 2+ 𝑗 𝑦 2 )
• Subtraction

𝑧 1 − 𝑧 2=( 𝑥 1 + 𝑗 𝑦 1 ) − ( 𝑥2 + 𝑗 𝑦 2 )
• Multiplication:

• Division: 𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ∠ ( 𝜙1 + 𝜙2 )

𝑧1 𝑟 1
= ∠ (𝜙 1 − 𝜙 2 )
𝑧2 𝑟 2 5
 Introduction
• Reciprocal
1 1
= ∠− 𝜙
𝑧 𝑟
• Square root
𝜙
√ 𝑧 =√ 𝑟 ∠
2
• Complex Conjugate:
∗ − 𝑗𝜙
𝑧 =𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦=𝑟 ∠ − 𝜙=𝑟 𝑒

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 Example 8.1
• Evaluate these complex number
√ 40 ∠ 50𝑜 +2 0 ∠ − 3 0𝑜
• Solution: Convert the complex numbers in rectangular form for addition
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
40 ∠ 50 =40 cos 50 + 𝑗 40 s∈50 =25.71+ 𝑗 30.64
𝑜
2 0 ∠ − 3 0 =20 cos (− 3 0¿¿ 𝑜)+ 𝑗 20 s∈(−3 0¿¿ 𝑜)=17.32 − 𝑗 10 ¿ ¿
• Adding them up gives
𝑜 𝑜
40 ∠ 50 +20 ∠ − 30 =25.71+ 𝑗 30.64 +17.32 − 𝑗 10=43.3+ 𝑗 20.64
• For evaluating the square root let us convert the sum in polar form
𝑦
𝑟 =√ 𝑥 + 𝑦 =47.72
−1
2 2 𝜙= tan =25.63
𝑥
43.3+ 𝑗 20.64=47.72 ∠ 2 5 .63𝑜
• Taking the square root of this

√ 47.72∠ 25.63 𝑜=6.91∠ 1 2. 81𝑜

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 Phasors
• The idea of phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity.
± 𝑗𝜙
𝑒 =cos 𝜙 ± 𝑗 sin 𝜙
• Which shows that we may regard and as the real and imaginary parts
of .

• We may write
𝑗𝜙 𝑗𝜙
ℜ (𝑒 )= cos 𝜙 ℑ(𝑒 )=sin 𝜙

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 Phasors
• Given a sinusoid
𝑣 (𝑡)=𝑉 𝑚 cos(𝜔 𝑡+ 𝜙 ¿)¿

• We can express as
𝑣 (𝑡 )= ℜ( 𝑉 𝑚 𝑒 𝑗 (𝜔 𝑡 + 𝜙) )
• or
𝑣 (𝑡 )=ℜ( 𝑉 𝑚 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗 𝜙 )

• Thus,
𝑗 𝜔𝑡
𝑣 (𝑡 )=ℜ( 𝑽 𝑒 )

• Where
𝑽 =𝑉 𝑚 𝑒 𝑗 𝜙 =𝑉 𝑚 ∠ 𝜙

• is thus the phasor representation of the sinusoid .

• In other words, a phasor is a complex representation of the magnitude
and phase of a sinusoid. 9
 Phasors
• Consider the plot of the sinor on the complex plane.

• As time increases, the sinor rotates on a circle of radius at an angular

velocity in the counterclockwise direction. 10
 Phasors
• Consider the plot of the sinor on the complex plane.

• The value of the sinor at time is the phasor of the sinusoid .

• The sinor may be regarded as a rotating phasor.

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 Phasors
• As a complex quantity, a phasor may be expressed in rectangular form,
polar form, or exponential form.
• Since a phasor has magnitude and phase (“direction”), it behaves as a
vector and is printed in boldface.
• For example, phasors and are graphically reparented as

• Such a graphical representation

of phasors is known as a
phasor diagram.

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Sinusoid-Phasor Transformation

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 Derivative and Integral in Phasor Domain
• We know
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =ℜ ( 𝑽 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡 )=𝑉 𝑚 cos ( 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝜙)

• Differentiate this w.r.t to

𝑑𝑣 ( 𝑡 )
=− 𝜔 𝑉 𝑚 s ∈( 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 ( 𝑡 )
=𝜔 𝑉 𝑚 cos( 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝜙 +90)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 ( 𝑡 )
= 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝜔 𝑉 𝑚 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗 𝜙 𝑒 𝑗 90 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 ( 𝑡 )
= 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑗 𝜔 𝑽 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡

• This shows that the derivative is transformed to the phasor domain as

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 Derivative and Integral in Phasor Domain
• Similarly, the integral of is transformed to the phasor domain as

• Which allows the replacement of a derivative and integral with respect to

time with multiplication and division of in the phasor domain.

• This is useful in finding the steady-state solution, which does not require
knowing the initial values of the variable involved.

• This is one of the important applications of phasors.

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 Difference Between and
• The differences between and should be emphasized:

1. is the instantaneous or time domain representation, while is the

frequency or phasor domain representation.

2. is time dependent, while is not.

3. is always real with no complex term, while is generally complex.

• Finally, we should bear in mind that phasor analysis applies only when
frequency is constant; it applies in manipulating two or more sinusoidal
signals only if they are of the same frequency.

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 Example 8.2
• Transform these sinusoids to phasors

• Solution(a): The phasor representation of a sinusoid is

𝑽 =𝑉 𝑚 ∠ 𝜙
• has the phasor.
𝑜
𝑰 =6 ∠ − 40 𝐴
• Solution(b):
• Since

𝑣 =− 4 s∈ ( 3 0 𝑡 +5 0 𝑜 ) =4 cos ( 30 𝑡 +50 𝑜+ 9 0 𝑜 )
𝑣 =4 cos ( 30 𝑡 +14 0𝑜 )
• The phasor form of is

𝑜
𝑽 = 4 ∠ 1 40 𝑉 17
 Example 8.3
• Find the sinusoids represented by phasors

• Solution(a): The phasor is given in complex number form. It can be represented in

form as

𝑉 𝑚= √ (− 3 ) + 4 =5
2 2 𝜙= tan −1 ( )
4
−3
= 126.87

𝑜
𝑰 =− 3+ 𝑗 4= 5∠ 126.87
• Transforming it to time domain

𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) =5 cos ( 𝜔 𝑡 + 126.87𝑜 ) 𝐴
• Solution (b): Sine
𝑜

𝑽= 𝑗 8𝑒 − 𝑗20
=( 1 ∠ 90𝑜 ) ( 8 ∠ −20 𝑜 )
𝑜
𝑽 =8 ∠ 7 0
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =8 cos ( 𝜔 𝑡 +70𝑜 ) 𝑉
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 Example 8.4
• Using the phasor approach, determine the current in a circuit described
by the integrodifferential equation.

• Solution: We transform each term in the equation from time domain to

phasor domain.

• But

• Converting this to the time domain

• Keep in mind that this is only the steady-state solution, and it does not require
knowing the initial values. 19
 Exercise Problems
1. Evaluate the following complex numbers.

2. Express the sinusoids as phasors

3. Find the sinusoids corresponding to these phasors:

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 Exercise Problems
4. Find the voltage in a circuit described by the integrodifferential
equation using the phasor approach.

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END OF LECTURE-8

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