ME 320

Lecture 32
Momentum Equation
Ch 9.4-9.5

Yuan Xuan
 Reminders
• Midterm 2 grading will be done by Thursday

• Solar eclipse on Monday Apr. 8

2
 Differential Momentum Analysis
• Derivation approach: similar to continuity derivation
• For today, assume inviscid flow (no viscous forces)
• Consider a small cube centered at (x,y,z)

(ρv)y+Δy/2
Δz
(ρu)x-Δx/2 (ρu)x+Δx/2
Δy
Δx

(ρv)y-Δy/2 3
 Momentum Equation Summary
• Full inviscid x-momentum equation (Euler equation)
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑤 𝜕𝑃
+ + + =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤
0= + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

4
 Euler Equations (Cartesian Coordinates)
• For constant density, inviscid flow:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
• Similarly in y, z
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

5
 Euler Equations (Cylindrical Coordinates)
• For constant density, inviscid flow:
𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟

𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 1 𝜕𝑃

𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝜃
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑃

𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

6
 Euler Equation Example: Flow in Corner
• Consider inviscid, steady, 2D flow in a corner
• What is the pressure distribution in domain?
• Given a measured pressure right at point: P0

𝑢 = 𝐾𝑥
𝑣 = −𝐾𝑦

7
 Flow in Corner, Worked
• Setup and simplify x-momentum (Euler) equation

• Integrate result wrt. x

8
 Flow in Corner, Worked
• Simplify and solve y-momentum (Euler) equation

• Relate two parts of pressure eqn + solve BC

9
 Flow in Corner, Worked
• Plot pressure results, assess:

10
 Continuity Equations
• Compressible continuity equation:
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤
0= + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 𝑟𝜌𝑢𝑟 1 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝜃 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑧
0= + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
• Apply result that Dρ/Dt = 0 to get incompressible
form:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
0= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 𝑟𝑢𝑟 1 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑧
0= + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
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 Euler Equations (Cartesian Coordinates)
• For constant density, inviscid flow:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
• Similarly in y, z
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

12
 Euler Equations (Cylindrical Coordinates)
• For constant density, inviscid flow:
𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟

𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 1 𝜕𝑃

𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝜃
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑃

𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

13
 Inviscid Momentum Example Problem
• Consider a 2-D flow with a circular drain located at
r=R
• P(r = R) = Ps < P(r → ∞) = P∞
• What are the resulting velocity and pressure fields?

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 Drain Problem
1. Sketch out problem

2. State assumptions:

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 Drain Problem
3. Write applicable components of momentum
equation, and simplify

• Write and simplify continuity equation

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 Drain Problem
3. Combine continuity and momentum to solve

4. Apply and solve boundary conditions

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 Drain Problem
5. Finalize solution and assess

18
 Momentum Equation Procedure
1. Sketch out problem domain
2. State problem assumptions (e.g., steady, inviscid,
constant ρ, no variation in θ, …)
3. Write applicable components of momentum
equation, and simplify
– Integrate/simplify as appropriate
– Write continuity equation, and integrate/solve
4. Apply boundary conditions
5. Assess resulting equation/values

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 Viscous Stress for Newtonian Fluids
• Earlier we derived inviscid momentum equation
(no viscous forces)
• General result for Newtonian fluids
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 2𝜇𝜀𝑖𝑗

Viscous stress in j direction Strain rate tensor

on surface with 𝑛ො in i direction

• Recall from fluid kinematics:

1 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑗
𝜀𝑖𝑗 = +
2 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖
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 Viscous Surface Forces
• Consider our favorite differential cube centered on
(x,y,z)
• Add up x-direction viscous forces
𝑛ො ∆𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑦+
2

𝑛ො 𝑛ො
∆𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑥− ∆𝑥
2 𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑥+
2

∆𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑦−
2
𝑛ො 21
 Net Viscous Forces
• Write out viscous forces on sides of cube:
(note, left side points in –x, bottom in –y)
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑗
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜇 +
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖

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 Sum Viscous Forces
• Sum up viscous forces, and take limit Δx, Δy, Δz → 0

• Rearrange viscous forces, and apply incompressible

flow result

• Finally combine with rest of momentum equation 23

What Comes Next is a Big Deal

gets its own title slide

 Navier-Stokes Equations
• For incompressible flow with constant ρ, μ

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
• Continuity + + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

• Navier-Stokes (momentum)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑥 + 𝜇 + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 + 𝜇 2 + 2+ 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 + 𝜇 2
+ 2
+ 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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 Navier-Stokes Equations (Cylindrical)
• For incompressible flow with constant ρ, μ

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