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GROWTH
IN
ANIMALS AND
PLANTS

BEGIN
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IMPORTANT NOTE
In this slide presentation, you will examine
topics from two lessons on growth in animals
and plants:
1. What is growth?
2. Evidence of Growth in Animals
3. Animal Growth Patterns
4. Evidence of Plant Growth
5. Plant Growth patterns
6. Growth in Plants vs Growth in Animals

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GROWTH IN ANIMALS

http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/image-files/xelecalf2a.jpg

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OBJECTIVES

After working through this presentation, you

will be able to:
1. define growth.
2. describe various evidence of growth in
animals.
3. investigate patterns of growth in various
animals.

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WHAT IS GROWTH?

What do you infer about

growth? Write a definition
(about two or three
paragraph/s) in your
notebook.

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WHAT IS GROWTH?
From this picture, what can you say about
growth? Add to your definition.

shoot

seed
germinating

roots

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WHAT IS GROWTH?
How are these plants growing? What seems to
affect their growth? Further modify or add to
your definition of growth.

Source: http://cc

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WHAT IS GROWTH?
Now, look at these pictures. What else can
you add to your definition of growth?

http://durmebugs.
trip

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ofp ests/id8.html

http://www.tooter4kids.com/Frogs/life_cycle_of_frog
s.htm

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FEEDBACK: WHAT IS GROWTH?

Did you include any or all of these in your

definition of GROWTH? CHECK
Can be in a particular May involve change in
direction in response to appearance as the young
external stimuli such as light becomes an adult

In ‘higher’ plants, there is growth of a seed into a

seedling, i.e. germination, with continued
development in body parts.

Involves an increase in size, mass or number

accompanied by development from simple to
more complex stage, body form or function
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INTRODUCTION
You already know that growth is one of the life
processes of all living things!

GROWTH

RESPIRATION RESPONSE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGES

MOVEMENT LIVING THINGS REPRODUCTION

EXCRETION NUTRITION

What else do you know about growth?

How completely can you define
growth? 10
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WHAT IS GROWTH?

Growth takes place only in living

organisms that are involved in carrying
on various life processes and whose
cell(s) is/are synthesizing materials,
obtained from the environment, into
its/their own structures. Overall growth
may slow down or cease once a
maximum size is reached.
Growth does not occur in non-living
matter.
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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN HUMANS

1. What evidence of growth does

this man show? FEEDBACK

2. How do you know that you are growing?

Make a list of signs of your own growth
and compare it with others in the class.
FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK TO QUESTION 1
Facial hairs have grown to form a beard and
moustache.

FEEDBACK TO QUESTION 2
Head hair/nails lengthen; increase in height, mass,
overall body size; growth of body hair (in arm pits,
genital area, chest or face); enlarged genitals and
breasts; menstruation starts in
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females; sex cells are produced.
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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS

Do other animals also
show signs of their
growth?
What are some?

FEEDBACK

e.g. Increased body size, growth of horns etc.

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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS

1. Sexually produced offspring
Describe the growth changes.

Fertilize
d egg

(Note: Various stages are not to same

scale) 14
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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS

In sexually produced offspring…
Metamorphosis may occur – i.e. the series
of changes in body form and functions
through which an animal goes as it grows
from fertilized egg to adult stage.
• Complete metamorphosis = egg  larva
pupa  adult
(In insects, the larva is called a caterpillar;
in frogs/toads the larval stage is called a
tadpole)
• Incomplete metamorphosis = egg 
nymph  adult
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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS

2. Asexually produced offspring – e.g. new Hydra
may grow by budding from mature ‘parent’.

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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS

3. Regeneration of body parts
A starfish can re-grow or regenerate a missing
arm. A piece of arm can even grow an entire
animal! A lizard’s tail can grow back!

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CHECK YOURSELF!

Animals show evidence of growth by:

• increasing in body size (length/mass etc.)
• growing various ‘adult’ structures such as
horns, special hairs/ feathers, changing colour
• becoming sexually mature and producing
eggs/sperm to reproduce themselves
• going through metamorphosis to grow into
adults
• asexually reproducing offspring
• being able to regenerate parts and to repair
damaged tissues

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GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS

All animals grow and develop during their life

cycle.
Patterns of growth vary from one type of
animal to another, e.g. animals may undergo
growth changes called metamorphosis, in
which there is either steady growth during
each stage of metamorphosis, e.g. butterflies
moths, frogs/toads or the animal grows only in
spurts at specific times called moults e.g. the
cockroach.

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GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS

e.g. Moulting in the Cockroach
Examine preserved cockroach nymphs; note the
colour, size and structure of various stages.

(Diagrams taken from: Roberts & Mitchelmore; Biology for CXC; page 253; Thomas Nelson
and Sons Ltd

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GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS

In humans and other

mammals, steady and continuous
growth, plus tissue differentiation
and repair, occurs gradually over time.
Then, at puberty there is increased
growth and development of secondary
sexual characteristics.
Check the next slide to see what the
human growth curve looks like.

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GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS
The Human Growth Curve

Diagrams taken from: Roberts & Mitchelmore; Biology for CXC; page 253; Thomas Nelson
and Sons Ltd 22
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GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS
The Human Growth Curve
On the growth curve diagram for
humans (previous slide), what happens
when there is that noticeable curve and
steep increase in height? FEEDBACK

During puberty, at about age 11 – 15,

the teenager goes through a growth
spurt with some changes (e.g in sexual
characteristics) to begin to become an
adult. So, there is a sharp increase in
growth, which levels off up to age 20
years.
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GROWTH IN PLANTS

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OBJECTIVES
After working through this presentation,
you will be able to:
1. describe various evidence of growth in
plants.
2. investigate patterns of growth in
various plants.
3. state the main differences between
growth in plants and animals.

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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

1. Germination/growth of seeds

In your notebook, list all the changes

that you observe as the bean seed
grows and develops into a seedlin FEgE.DBA
http://www.butler.edu/he
rba
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rium/treeid/treeparts.ht
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GROWTH IN FLOWERING PLANTS

In ‘higher’ plants, growth is limited to
areas called meristems, some of which
are located in stem/root tips.

Meristem - is a region in which new

cells are formed by mitosis (a type of
cell division).

In shoots, meristems are located in

buds and between vascular tissue.

In roots, meristems are found at root

tips and between vascular tissues.
On the next slide look at the types of
growth in various zones caused by 27
various meristems.
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MERISTEMS

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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

2. Increase in size and complexity
Meristems in buds cause growth/differentiation into
new shoots with branches, leaves and also flowers

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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

2. Increase in size and complexity

Trees such as the Giant Redwood or a
Mahoe grow complex branching shoot and
root systems. They develop thick, woody
trunks because tissue called xylem has
grown in the centre of the tree trunk over
many years.

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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

3. Tropic Responses /Tropisms
Tropisms are the growth of a plant part toward or
away from an environmental stimulus, and
include:
Geotrophism: growth response to gravity
e.g. plant roots grow down into the soil
in response to gravity and shoots (stems) grow
up against gravity and out of the soil.
Phototropism: growth response to light
e.g. Plant shoots grow curving towards light
Thigmotropism: growth response to touch
e.g. vines grow and curl around supports; Venus
flytrap closes when leaves are touched
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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

4. Sexual reproduction that involves flowering
then fruit and seed formation

http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/c21/0665.jpg

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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

5. Asexually produced new plants that grow
from special growing areas (buds) on stems
and roots.

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EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

Asexually produced new plants
What evidence of new growth is shown on
this ‘Leaf-of-life’ (Bryophyllum) leaf?

tutorvista.co FEEDBACK
m

FEEDBACK
Formation along edge of leaf of four new
plants, each with a shoot and roots.
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PATTERNS OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

‘Higher’ plants show
many different growth
forms, for example, they
can be:
a) herbaceous plants (i.e.
herbs) with soft, green
stems;
b) shrubs or bushes with
low branching woody
trunks, or else
c) trees with a single
woody trunk.

. 4
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SUMMARY
There are various kinds of evidence to
support plant growth:
• Germination and Development
• Increase in size/complexity
• Tropic growth responses
• Asexual production of plants
• Production of flowers/fruits

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GROWTH IN PLANTS vs.
GROWTH IN ANIMALS
• There may be set ‘growing seasons’
during which new plant parts e.g.
leaves, flowers, are produced.
• Growth may be for one year only then
the plant dies (annual), two years
(biennial) or several years
(perennials), and various structures
are often grown e.g. bulbs, rhizomes
etc, and dispersed, e.g. seeds, to
ensure the continuity of the species.
Click here to watch the video at the website below>>
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-video/463192/83804/Plants-use-
their-roots-to-absorb-water-and-nutrients-from

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GROWTH IN PLANTS vs.
GROWTH IN ANIMALS
In all animal species, growth in
overall size/mass ceases once the
maximum size for that species is
reached.

Both animals
live in the ocean.
No matter how
long it lives, will the
fish ever grow as big
as the orca?
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GROWTH IN PLANTS vs.
GROWTH IN ANIMALS
In ‘higher’ animals, growth in specific
tissues/organs and for specific purposes
(e.g. reproduction, repair of damaged
tissues, such as wounds healing) may
continue throughout the animal’s
life cycle.
Each animal species also grows into a
distinctly recognizable shape and often also,
with distinctive colour/s or marking /s.

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