Presentation 2
Presentation 2
Presentation 2
PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY
STUDI BIOFARMASI
PADA PEMBERIAN
OBAT SECARA
1
STUDI BIOFARMASI
PADA PEMBERIAN
OBAT SECARA
PERKUTAN
Teh Ai Yeen
260110103004
Gan Soon Chong
260110103008
Cooghen Dev
260110103020
Ranpal Singh
260110103022
Vimallan Manogaran
260110103023
Vishoth Kumar Morti
260110103025
Muhamad Syamim Aiman
260110103027
SKIN
Epidermi
s
Dermis
Hypoder
mis
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-
SKIN
Epidermi
s
Dermis
Hypoder
mis
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-
FUNCTIONS
Protecting the body from heat, sunlight, injury and
infection
Getting rid of waste substances through the sweat
glands
Sensation
Helping to regulate body temperature
Prevents loss of moisture
Production of vitamin D.
( HSE, 2013 )
ROUT
Dermal ( local ) E
cream, ointment
Transdermal ( systemic )absorption of drug through skin
Controlled drug delivery system.
No first pass metabolism.
Drug must be potent
Patch becomes too large
DRUG IN DELIVERY
SYSTEM
PHARMACOLOGICAL
RESPONSE
RELEA
SE
LOCALIZ
ED
TOPICAL
pH 4.5--5.5
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSDERMAL
ELIMINATION
RELEASE
DRUG IN DELIVERY
SYSTEM
Persamaan Higuchi
dQ Km.D.S .(C1 C 2)
dt
e
Tetapan Permeabilitas
Kp = km.D
e
Kp =tetapan permeabilitas
Km =koefisiensi partisi
D =tetapan difusi
e = tebal membran
Mencerminkan kemampuan menembus suatu senyawa
melintasi suatu membran tertentu.
Tetapan permeabilitas suatu senyawa yang berdifusi kedalam
semua lapisan kulit merupakan jumlah beberapa tetapan Kc,
Ke, Kd yang secara berurutan merupakan
Semakin tinggi nilai tetapan tersebut maka kemampuannya
semakin nyata.
HUKUM FICK
dQ = Kp.S.(C1 C2)
dt
Kp = tetapan permeabilitas
S = luas permukaan membran
C1 C2 = perbedaan konsentrasi pada
kedua sisi membran
Menyatakan bahawa fluksi dari materi yang berdifusi
sebanding dengan gradien konsentrasi
PERMEABILITAS KULIT
Kp = Kc = Km D
Kp = tetapan
permeabilitas
Semakin
tinggi nilai
tetapan tersebut maka kemampuannya
Km = koefisien partisi
semakin nyata
D
e
= tetapan difusi
= tebal membran
Tempat
Pengolesan
FAKTOR
FISIOLOGIK
Kelembaban dan
Temperatur
Tempat
Pengolesan
FAKTOR
FISIOLOGIK
Kelembaban dan
Temperatur
Koefisien Partisi
Iontoforesis
Surfaktan
Pembawa
Koefisien Partisi
Iontoforesis
Surfaktan
Pembawa
PENGAMATAN EFEK
BIOLOGIS
HISTOLOGI
EVALUASI
PENGAMATAN EFEK
BIOLOGIS
HISTOLOGI
EVALUASI
Journal
Review
Referrences
Bolzinger, M.A;Brianon, S.;Jocelyne Pelletier,J.; Chevalier,Y. 2012.
Penetration of drugs through skin, a complex rate-controlling membrane.
Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science,17 ( 3 ): 156165.
Boman A, Maibach HI. (2000) Percutaneous absorption of organic solvents. Int J Occup Environ
Health; 6: 935.
Brooke I, Cocker J, Delic JI et al. (1998) Dermal uptake of solvents from the vapour phase: an
experimental study in humans. Ann Occup Hyg; 42: 53140.
Escobar-Chavez, B.J.J., Rodriguez-Cruz, I.M., Dominguez-Delgado, C.L., DiazTorres, R.,Revilla-Vazquez, A.L., Alencaster, N.C. 2012. Nanocarrier Systems
for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Intech, 10 : 5772/50314.
Farris, P.K. 2013. Skin Anatomy and Physiology. Available online at
https:// www.nuskin. com/ en_ZA/ corporate/ company/ science/
skin_care_science/ skin_anatomy_and physiology.html ( Accessed on 3
December 2013 ).
Health and Safety Executive. 2013. Structure and Functions of The Skin.
Available at http: //www. hse. gov. uk/ skin/ professional/ causes/ structure.
htm ( Accessed on 3 December 2013 ).
Kezic S, Mahieu K, Monster AC, de Wolff FA. (1997) Dermal absorption of vaporous and liquid
2-methoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol in volunteers. Occup Environ Med;54: 3843.
Referrences
Meuling WJ, Franssen AC, Brouwer DH, van Hemmen JJ. (1997) The influence of skin moisture
on the dermal absorption of propoxur in human volunteers:a consideration for biological
monitoring practices. Sci Total Environ 199: 16572.
Schafer P, Bewick-Sonntag C, Capri MG, Berardesca E. (2002) Physiological changes in skin
barrier function in relation to occlusion level, exposure time and climatic conditions. Skin
Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol; 15: 719.
Smith and Williams. 2005. Introduction to the Principles of Drug Design and
Action, Fourth Edition. CRC press. United States.
ThinkQuest. 2013. Sense of Touch. Available online at http:// library.
thinkquest. org/ 3750/touch/touch.html ( Accessed on 3 December 2013 ).
Wathoni, N.; Sofia, J.; Pamudji; Darijanto, S. 2012. EFFECT OF IONTOPHORESIS
AND PENETRATION ENHANCERS ON THE IN VITRO DIFFUSION OF A
PIROXICAM GEL . International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences ,4 (4) : 0975-1491.
Wiechers JW. (1989) The barrier functon of the skin in relation to percutaneous absorption of
drugs. Pharm Weekbl Sci; 11: 18598.
THANK YOU
ATUR
NUHUN
Aliran Darah
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost layer
of the skin.
Thickness is 0.1 millimeters.
Protective shield.
(Farris,
2013 )
LAYER OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum
basale
Stratum
spinosum
Stratum
granulosu
m
Stratum
corneum
Stratum
lucidum
(Farris,
LAYER OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum
basale
Stratum
spinosum
Stratum
granulosu
m
Stratum
corneum
Stratum
lucidum
(Farris,
HISTOLOGI
Memerhatikan perubahan pada sel secara
mikroskopik.
(Kezic S et. al , 1997 )
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-
Intercellular pathway
Iontoforesis
Iontoforesis akan meningkatkan penyerapan
sistemik obat yang dipakai zat aktif
langsung menembus ke dalam dermis dan
memasuki sistem peredaran darah.
Diperbahaskan lebih lanjut di review jurnal
Ethanol and
of diffusion
http://www.calvaryupc.com/wp-content/
uploads/2013/11/3Kids.jpg
Permeabilit
y
Koefisien Partisi
Koefisien partisi
Mencerminkan afinitas
senyawa terhadap
pembawanya
(Kezic S et. al , 1997 )
TEH AI YEEN
260110103004
54
COOGHEN DEV
260110103020
56
RANPAL SINGH
260110103022
57
VIMALLAN
MANOGARAN
260110103023
58
VISHOTH KUMAR
MORTI
260110103025
59
MUHAMAD SYAMIM
AIMAN
260110103027
60
Pembawa
Bahan pembawa dapat mempengaruhi keadaan
dengan mudah permeabilitas kulit dalam batas
fisiologik dan bersifat reversibel.
Agar koefisien partisi lebih berpihak pada
lapisan tanduk, sebaiknya zat aktif lebih tidak
larut dalam pembawa dibandingkan dalam
lapisan tanduk, jadi pembawa mempunyai
afinitas kecil terhadap senyawa yang
didukungnya.
( Schafer et al, 2002 )
(Kezic et al , 1997 )
Protection
Provides a protective barrier against
mechanical, thermal and physical
injury and hazardous substances.
An immune organ to detect infections
etc.
Reduces harmful effects of UV
radiation.
Heat
flow
sweat
SENSATION
Nerve receptors in the skin monitor the
environment by sensing cold, heat, pain
and pressure. These nerve receptors are
more concentrated in our fingertips.
Acts as a sensory organ (touch, detects
temperature).
http://library.thinkquest.org/3750/touch/touch.html
Stratum basale
This is the deepest layer of the epidermis and sits directly on
top of the dermis.
It is a single layer of cube-shaped cells. New epidermal skin
cells, called keratinocytes, are formed in this layer through cell
division to replace those shed continuously from the upper
layers of the epidermis.
This regenerative process is called skin cell renewal.
Melanocytes, found in the stratum basale, are responsible for
the production of skin pigment, or melanin.
Melanocytes transfer the melanin to nearby keratinocytes that
will eventually migrate to the surface of the skin.
Melanin is photoprotective: it helps protect the skin against
ultraviolet radiation (sun exposure).
(Farris, 2013 )
Stratum corneum
This is the top, outermost layer of the
epidermis and is 25-30 layers of
flattened, dead keratinocytes.
This layer is the real protective layer of
the skin.
Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum
are continuously shed by friction and
replaced by the cells formed in the
deeper sections of the epidermis
(Farris, 2013 )
Stratum granulosum
It is composed of 3-5 layers of
flattened keratina tough, fibrous
protein that gives skin its protective
properties.
Cells in this layer are too far from the
dermis to receive nutrients through
diffusion, so they begin to die.
(Farris, 2013 )
Stratum lucidum
This layer is present only in the
fingertips, palms, and soles of the
feet.
(Farris, 2013 )
Stratum spinosum
Composed of 8-10 layers of
polygonal (many sided) keratinocytes
(Farris, 2013 )
STUDI PENYERAPAN
Penyerapan sistemik dan lokalisasi senyawa
dalam struktur kulit, dengan cara in vitro dan
in vivo dapat dipastikan lintasan penembusan
dan tetapan permeabilitas, serta
membandingkan efektifitas berbagai bahan
pembawa.
Surfaktan
Lapisan tanduk merupakan sawar yang efektif
dalam mencegah penembusan dari sebagian
besar surfaktan.
Tempat Pengolesan
Jumlah yang diserap untuk suatu molekul
yang sama akan berbeda dan tergantung pada
susunan anatomi dari tempat pengolesan.
Tetapan Difusi
Bila dihubungkan dengan gerakan
Brown, tetapan difusi dari bobot
molekul senyawa dan berinteraksi
kimia dg konstituen membran
Transcellular pathway
WAKTU LATEN
Molekul kimia diserap oleh kimia melalui difusi
pasif.
Mencerminkan
penundaan
penembusan
senyawa ke bagian dalam struktur tanduk
( stratum corneum ) dan pencapaian gradien
difusi
Beragam antara satu sama lain
T1 =e 2
6D
e = tebal membran
D =tetapan difusi molekul