Group_05

SL NAME REG. TOPIC

1 MD SHAHRIAR EMON 241-47-041 Specific Heat

2 IMRAN MOLLA 241-47-042 Calorimetry

3 MD SHAHARIER KHAN HRIDOY 241-47-043 Isothermal Process+ workdone formula

4 MD PAVEL 241-47-044 Isothermal expansion and compression

5 ABU SUFIAN 241-47-045 Applications of isothermal processes

6 FARHAT TASNIM 241-47-046 Adiabatic process + work done formula

7 MD SAKIB UL ALAM 241-47-047 Application of Adiabatic process

8 NUR-E-JANNAT KOTHA 241-47-048 Entropy Overvew

9 MD: TANBIRUL ISLAM 241-47-049 Mechanism of Entropy

SPECIFIC HEAT
MD SHAHRIAR EMON

ID:0242410005081041

Dept. OF Civil Engineering

BATCH-241

DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

 Introduction of specific heat

Specific heat is a material property that tells you how much heat energy it takes to raise the
temperature of that material by one degree. It's like a measure of how much a substance
resists changes in temperature.

Here's a formula that relates heat change, specific heat, mass, and temperature change:
Q = c * m * ΔT

Specific heat is an important concept in many areas of science and engineering, such as:
• Understanding how heat transfer works in buildings and other structures
• Designing engines and other machines that generate or absorb heat
• Predicting how climate change will affect the Earth's temperature
Example of specific heat
values
As you might expect, different materials
have different specific heat values. Here
are a couple of examples:

1. Water: As mentioned earlier, water

has a very high specific heat capacity of
around 4.186 joules per gram per degree
Celsius (J/g°C). This means it takes a
significant amount of energy to raise the
temperature of water. This property plays
a vital role in regulating Earth's climate,
as large water bodies moderate
temperature fluctuations.
Application and
significance

1. MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION:

SCIENTISTS CAN USE SPECIFIC HEAT MEASUREMENTS AS A TOOL TO

IDENTIFY MATERIALS OR DETERMINE THEIR COMPOSITION. DIFFERENT
MATERIALS HAVE DISTINCT SPECIFIC HEAT VALUES, AND MEASURING
THIS PROPERTY CAN HELP IN MATERIAL ANALYSIS AND
CHARACTERIZATION.

2. ENGINEERING DESIGN:

SPECIFIC HEAT IS A FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATION IN VARIOUS

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS. FROM DESIGNING ENGINES THAT NEED TO
MANAGE HEAT EFFICIENTLY TO DEVELOPING FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS,
UNDERSTANDING HOW MATERIALS RESPOND TO HEAT IS CRUCIAL.
SPECIFIC HEAT DATA GUIDES ENGINEERS IN SELECTING APPROPRIATE
MATERIALS FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES.
Name: Imran Molla
Department: Civil Engineering
Batch: 241, Spring 24
ID: 241-47-042
Subject: Physics 101
Topic: Calorimetry
Calorimetry:

Calorimetry is the process of measuring the

amount of heat released or absorbed during a
chemical reaction.

Invention of calorimetry:

In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier in collaboration

with the mathematician Pierre Simon de La
Place built the first calorimeter.
Types of caloremetry:

There are many types of caloremetry:

• Adiabaticssss calorimeter.
• Bomb calorimeter
• Isothermal titration calorimeter
• Differential scanning calorimeter

Uses of
calorimeter:
Calorimetry is used to measure amounts of heat
transferred to or from a substance. To do so, the
heat is exchanged with a calibrated object
(calorimeter). The temperature change measured
by the calorimeter is used to derive the amount of
heat transferred by the process under study.
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS AND WORK DONE
FORMULA

MD Shaharier Khan Hridoy.

ID: 241-47-043
Department of Civil Engineering
Daffodil International University, Dhaka.
 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

An isothermal process is a type of thermodynamic process in

which the temperature T of a system remains constant: ΔT = 0.
Simply, we can say that in an isothermal process
T = constant
ΔT=0
dT=0
For ideal gases only, internal energy Δ U = 0
 CALCULATION OF WORK

dW=pdV
∫dW=∫pdV
=p∫v2 v1 dV
=K/V∫v2 v1 dV
=K∫v2v1 1/VdV
=K[lnV] v2 v1
=K[lnV2-lnV1]
=KlnV2/V1
W=nRTlnV2/V1
 EXAMPLES
 Heat pump.

 A refrigerator works.

 Carnot engine.

 Liquids melting process.

 Isothermal
If the temperature of the Process
system remain constant
throughout the process is called isothermal process. Thermodynamic

Heat in Motion
 Ideal
gas
T₁=T₂ T₂-T₁=0 ∆T=0

BOYLE’S LAW
P∞1∕V T→ (CONSTANT)

Compression
Compression
Name: Abu Sufian
Department: Civil Engineering
Batch: 241, Spring 24
ID: 241-47-045
Subject: Physics 101
Topic: Applications of isothermal
processes.
Introduction to
Isothermal
Processes
Isothermal processes are thermodynamic changes that occur at
a constant temperature. These processes involve the transfer of
energy, often in the form of heat, between a system and its
surroundings while maintaining a fixed temperature.
Applications of Isothermal Processes
Refrigeration Systems Chemical Reactions Biological Processes

Isothermal compression Many chemical reactions, Isothermal processes

and expansion are key such as those in fuel cells govern important
processes in the and industrial processes, biological functions, like
operation of refrigerators are designed to occur at the diffusion of nutrients
and air conditioners, constant temperature to and gases across cell
allowing for efficient heat optimize efficiency and membranes, maintaining
transfer and cooling. product yield. a stable internal
environment.
Benefits and Limitations of
Isothermal Processes

1 Energy Efficiency 2 Controlled Conditions

Isothermal processes often require Maintaining a constant temperature
less energy input compared to non- allows for precise control over the
isothermal changes, making them system, enabling optimal
more efficient for many applications. performance and predictable
outcomes.

3 Limitations 4 Specialized Equipment

Achieving true isothermal conditions Implementing isothermal processes
can be challenging in practice, as may require specialized equipment
there are often heat losses or gains and careful system design, which can
that disrupt the constant increase complexity and cost.
temperature.
N A M E : FA R H AT TA S N I M
D E PA R T M E N T: C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G
B AT C H : 2 4 1 , S P R I N G 2 4
ID: 241-47-046
S U B J E C T: P H Y S I C S 1 0 1
TO P I C : A D I A B AT I C P R O C E S S & W O R K D O N E

 Adiabatic process:

∆Q=0
 Condition For Adiabatic Change:

 Relation between volume and temperature in

adiabatic change:

T×Vγ-1 = Constant

 Relation between pressure and temperature in adiabatic

process in case of an ideal gas:
TP = Constant
 Work Done For Adiabatic Process:
 Application of adiabatic process

Adiabatic process:
An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which
the Adiabaticre is no heat transfer into or out of the system.
In other words, the system is thermally isolated from its
surroundings. During an adiabatic process, any change in
the system's internal energy is solely due to work done on
or by the system.
Value of adiabatic process

Energy
Efficiency
Cost Savings

Versatility Simplified Design

Process
Optimization Environmental
Impact
Name: Nur-E-Jannat Kotha
Department: Civil Engineering
Batch:241,Spring 2024
ID: 241-47-048
Topic: Entropy Overview
 Entropy:

• The entropy of an object is a measure of the amount of energy which is

unavailable to do work. Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible
arrangements the atoms in a system can have. In this sense, entropy is a
measure of uncertainty or randomness.
dSSystem=
=
 Condition Of Entropy:

• In classical thermodynamics, the entropy of a system is defined only if it is in physical thermodynamic

equilibrium. (But chemical equilibrium is not required: the entropy of a mixture of two moles of hydrogen
and one mole of oxygen at 1 bar pressure and 298 K is well-defined.)w2` 1`sa

 Change Of Entropy in Reversible Process:

∆ 𝑆 =𝑚𝑠 [𝑙𝑛𝑇 2 − 𝑙𝑛𝑇 1 ]
  Understanding Entropy:
 Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system

Significance Of Entropy:
Entropy measures the amount of disorder or randomness in a
system, crucial for understanding thermodynamic processes and
information theory.
  Mechanism of Entropy
 Illustration:

Entropy tendency towards increase in isolated systems.

 Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
  Examples of Entropy Increase

 Ice Melting:
Solid to liquid transition increases entropy.

 Gas Expansion:
Filling its container increases system disorder.
Topic: Carnot Engine

Presented by:

Name: Asadul Islam

Reg: 241-47-050
Batch: 241 Presented to:
Section: BN1 Name: Abu Hayat
Dept.: Civil Engineering (lecturer)
Subject: Physics Dept.: Civil Engineering
What is Carnot Engine:
The Carnot engine is the most efficient heat engine which
is theoretically possible. It was conceptualized by French
engineer Sadi Carnot in 1824. The Carnot engine is an
idealized model used to understand the maximum
possible efficiency of a heat engine operating between
two heat reservoirs at different temperatures.

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

Born:1 June 1796
Nationality: France
Known for:
Carnot cycle
Carnot efficiency
Carnot theorem
Carnot heat engine
Died: 24 August 1832 (aged 36
MECHANISM OF CARNOT ENGINE:
Any engine that uses the Carnot cycle enjoys the maximum theoretical
efficiency. The Carnot engine works by cyclically transferring heat
between a high-temperature reservoir and a low-temperature reservoir to
perform work. It operates through four reversible processes:
 Isothermal expansion
 Adiabatic expansion
 Isothermal compression
 Adiabatic compression

During these operations, the expansion

and compression of the substance can be
done up to the desired point and back to
the initial state. These processes are often
represented on a pressure-volume (PV)
diagram.
Application of Carnot Engine:
 Benchmark for Efficiency
 Design Optimization
 Heat Pumps
 Conceptual Understanding
 Thermodynamic Analysis
Refrigeration System
Application of Carnot Engine in Engineering:
1. Thermal Power Plants
2. Energy Conversion Systems
3. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems
4. Industrial Processes
5. Power Generation
6. Energy Storage

Conclusion:
It is a great invention by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot. For this engine, we get a lot of
facilities and improvements in industries and the Engineering sector. It is also the
greatest invention to analyze Thermodynamics, Efficiency, and Design Optimization.
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency in physics is the ratio of useful
energy output to the total energy input
in a physical process or system,
expressed as a percentage.

There are two types of efficiency

formula :
1. In terms of temperature:
Efficiency=1-T2\T1
2. In terms of heat: Efficiency=1-Q2\
 SOME FORMULA AND MATH OF
EFFICIENCY
FORMULA:
Efficiency=Output work done\Input work
=w\T1 done
• W=T1-T2
=T1-T2\T1 • W=Q1-Q2
• T1\T2=Q1\Q2
Some picture and
math:
 USES AND BENIFITES OF EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is a crucial skill that can help us maximize our productivity and achieve our goals. By
understanding the importance of efficiency and implementing efficient techniques, we can save time, save
money, improve productivity, reduce stress, and enhance quality.
1. Understanding the Importance of Efficiency
1. Saves Time:
Efficiency saves time, which is a valuable commodity in today's fast-paced world. By being efficient,
we can complete tasks faster and with less effort, freeing up time for other activities. For example, if
you are an entrepreneur, you can use the extra time to focus on growing your business or developing
new products.
2. Saves Money:
Efficiency can lead to cost savings, both in personal and professional settings. By optimizing
processes, we can reduce waste and minimize expenses. For instance, if you are a business owner,
you can save money by automating repetitive tasks, reducing errors, and improving productivity.
3. Improves Productivity:
Efficiency improves productivity by enabling us to accomplish more in less time. When we are
efficient, we can achieve our goals faster, which can lead to increased motivation and job satisfaction.
For example, if you are a student, you can use efficient study techniques to absorb more information
in less time.
4. Reduces Stress:
Efficiency can reduce stress by minimizing the time and effort required to complete tasks. By being
efficient, we can avoid the frustration of having a never-ending to-do list and the feeling of being
overwhelmed. For instance, if you are a working parent, you can use
efficient time management techniques to balance work and family life.
5. Enhances Quality:
Efficiency can enhance quality by allowing us to focus on the task at hand and reduce errors. By
THANK YOU