Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue
Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue
Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
1
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle
– attaches to bone
– striated with light & dark bands
– voluntary control of contraction &
relaxation
2
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Cardiac muscle
– striated in appearance
– involuntary control
– autorhythmic because of built in
pacemaker
3
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth muscle
– in walls of hollow organs -- blood
vessels & GI
– nonstriated in appearance
– involuntary
4
Functions of Muscle Tissue
Producing body movements
Stabilizing body positions
Regulating organ volumes
– bands of smooth muscle called sphincters
Movement of substances within the body
– blood, lymph, urine, air, food and fluids,
sperm
Producing heat
– involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle
(shivering)
5
Properties of Muscle Tissue
Excitability
– respond to chemicals released from nerve cells
Conductivity
– ability to propagate electrical signals over
membrane
Contractility
– ability to shorten and generate force
Extensibility
– ability to be stretched without damaging the
tissue
Elasticity
– ability to return to original shape after being
stretched
6
Nerve and Blood Supply
Each skeletal muscle is supplied by
a nerve, artery and two veins.
Each motor neuron supplies
multiple muscle cells (150 fibers)
(neuromuscular junction)
Each muscle cell is supplied by one
motor neuron terminal branch and
is in contact with one or two
capillaries.
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8
Embryonic development:
9
Components of a
Muscle Fiber
– Muscle fibers surrounded by
connective tissue
– Sarcolemma = plasma membrane
– Multinucleated
– Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm which
contains:
- many myofibrils.
- many mitochondria- high energy.
- Many glycogen molecules.
- myoglobin (red-colored, oxygen-bindi
protein). 10
Components of a
Muscle Fiber
Transverse Tubules
13
Filaments and the
Sarcomere
Thick (myosin) and thin (actin, tropomyosin and
troponin) filaments overlap each other in a pattern
that creates striations (light I bands and dark A
bands)
They are arranged in compartments called
sarcomeres, separated by Z discs.
16
The Proteins of Muscle -- Myosin
17
The Proteins of Muscle --
Actin
19
Other Structural
Proteins
20
Sliding Filament Mechanism Of
Contraction
Myosin cross bridges
pull on thin filaments
Thin filaments slide
inward
Z Discs come toward
each other
Sarcomeres
shorten.The muscle
fiber shortens. The
muscle shortens
Notice :Thick & thin
filaments do not
change in length
21
Contraction Cycle
4 steps to contraction cycle
– ATP hydrolysis
– attachment of myosin to actin to
form crossbridges
– power stroke
– detachment of myosin from actin
Cyclekeeps repeating as long as
there is ATP available & high
Ca+2 level near thin filament
22
Steps in the Contraction
Cycle
23
How Does Contraction
Begin?
Nerve impulse reaches an axon terminal &
synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
(ACh)
ACh diffuses to receptors on the
sarcolemma & Na+ channels open and Na+
rushes into the cell
A muscle action potential spreads over
sarcolemma and down into the transverse
tubules
SR releases Ca+2 into the sarcoplasm
Ca+2 binds to troponin & causes troponin-
tropomyosin complex to move & reveal
myosin binding sites on actin--the 24
Structures
of NMJ
Region
Synaptic end bulbs are
swellings of axon
terminals
25
Excitation - Contraction
Coupling
26
Relaxation
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks
down ACh within the synaptic cleft
Muscle action potential ceases
Ca+2 release channels close
Active transport pumps Ca2+ back into
storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium-binding protein
(calsequestrin) helps hold Ca+2 in SR
(Ca+2 concentration 10,000 times
higher than in cytosol)
Tropomyosin-troponin complex
recovers myosin binding site on the
actin 27
Overview: From Start to Finish
28
Events Occurring After a Nerve
Signal
Arrival of nerve impulse at nerve terminal causes
release of ACh from synaptic vesicles
ACh binds to receptors on muscle motor end
plate opening the gated ion channels so that Na+
can rush into the muscle cell
Inside of muscle cell becomes more positive,
triggering a muscle action potential that travels
over the cell and down the T tubules
The release of Ca+2 from the SR is triggered and
the muscle cell will shorten & generate force
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the ACh
attached to the receptors on the motor end plate
so the muscle action potential will cease and the
muscle cell will relax.
29
Pharmacology of the
NMJ
Botulinum toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter at
the NMJ so muscle contraction can not occur
– bacteria found in improperly canned food
– death occurs from paralysis of the diaphragm
Curare (plant poison from poison arrows)
– causes muscle paralysis by blocking the ACh
receptors
– used to relax muscle during surgery
Neostigmine (anticholinesterase agent)
– blocks removal of ACh from receptors so strengthens
weak muscle contractions of myasthenia gravis
30
Length of Muscle Fibers
Optimal overlap of thick & thin filaments
– produces greatest number of crossbridges
and the greatest amount of tension
As stretch muscle (past optimal length)
– fewer cross bridges exist & less force is
produced
If muscle is overly shortened (less than
optimal)
– fewer cross bridges exist & less force is
produced
Normally
– resting muscle length remains between 70 to
130% of the optimum
31
Length Tension Curve
Graph of Force of contraction
(Tension) versus Length of
sarcomere
Optimal overlap at the top
of the graph
When the cell is too stretched
and little force is produced
When the cell is too short, again
little force is produced
32
Muscle Metabolism
Production of ATP in Muscle
Fibers
Muscle uses ATP at a great rate
when active
Sarcoplasmic ATP only lasts for
few seconds
3 sources of ATP production
within muscle
– creatine phosphate
– anaerobic cellular respiration
– anaerobic cellular respiration
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Creatine Phosphate
Excess ATP within resting muscle used to
form creatine phosphate
Creatine phosphate 3-6
times more plentiful
than ATP within muscle
Its quick breakdown
provides energy for
creation of ATP
Sustains maximal contraction for 15 sec
(used for 100 meter dash).
Athletes tried creatine supplementation
34
Anaerobic Cellular
Respiration
ATP produced from
glucose breakdown into
pyruvic acid during
glycolysis
– if no O2 present
pyruvic converted to lactic
acid which diffuses into the
blood
Glycolysis can continue
anaerobically to provide
ATP for 30 to 40 seconds
of maximal activity (200
meter race)
35
Aerobic Cellular
Respiration
37
Oxygen Consumption after
Exercise
Muscle tissue has two sources of oxygen.
– diffuses in from the blood
– released by myoglobin inside muscle fibers
Aerobic system requires O2 to produce ATP
needed for prolonged activity
– increased breathing effort during exercise
Recovery oxygen uptake
– elevated oxygen use after exercise (oxygen
debt)
– lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid
– Build up glycogen
– elevated body temperature means all 38
The Motor Unit
Motor unit = one somatic motor neuron & all the skeletal
muscle cells (fibers) it stimulates
– One nerve cell supplies on average 150 muscle cells
that all contract in unison.
Total strength of a contraction depends on how many
motor units are activated & how large the motor units are
39
Twitch Contraction
41
Parts of a Twitch
Contraction
Latent Period--2msec
– Spreading of AP
– Ca+2 is being released from SR
Contraction Period
– 10 to 100 msec
– filaments slide past each other
Relaxation Period
– 10 to 100 msec
– active transport of Ca+2 into SR
Refractory Period
– muscle can not respond and has lost its excitability
– 5 msec for skeletal & 300 msec for cardiac muscle
42
Wave Summation
If second stimulation applied after the refractory
period but before complete muscle relaxation---
second contraction is stronger than first
43
Complete and Incomplete
Tetanus
Unfused tetanus
– if stimulate at 20-30 times/second, there will
be only partial relaxation between stimuli
Fused tetanus
– if stimulate at 80-100 times/second, a
sustained contraction with no relaxation
between stimuli will result 44
Explanation of Summation &
Tetanus
Wave summation & both types of
tetanus result from Ca+2
remaining in the sarcoplasm
Force of 2nd contraction is easily
added to the first, because the
elastic elements remain partially
contracted and do not delay the
beginning of the next
contraction
45
Motor Unit Recruitment
Motor units in a whole muscle fire
asynchronously
– some fibers are active others are relaxed
– delays muscle fatigue so contraction can be
sustained
- produces smooth muscular contraction
– not series of jerky movements
Precise movements require smaller
contractions
– motor units must be smaller (less
fibers/nerve)
Large motor units are active when large
tension is needed 46
Muscle Tone
Involuntary contraction of a small
number of motor units (alternately
active and inactive in a constantly
shifting pattern)
– keeps muscles firm even though relaxed
– does not produce movement
Essential for maintaining posture (head
upright)
Important in maintaining blood pressure
– tone of smooth muscles in walls of blood
vessels
47
Isotonic and Isometric
Contraction
54
Microscopic Anatomy of
Smooth Muscle
Small, involuntary muscle cell
Single, oval, centrally located nucleus
Lack T tubules & have little SR for
Ca+2 storage
55
Two Types of Smooth
Muscle
Visceral (single-unit)
59
Regulation of
Contraction
Regulation of contraction due to
– nerve signals from autonomic nervous system
– changes in local conditions (pH, O2, CO2,
temperature & ionic concentrations)
– hormones (epinephrine -- relaxes muscle in
airways & some blood vessels)
Stress-relaxation response
– unlike skeletal muscles, smooth muscle
maintain their contractile function. when
stretched, initially contracts & then tension
decreases this phenomenon called stress-
relaxation response.
– This allows smooth muscle to undergo great
changes in length, while maintain the ability to
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contract effectively.
Regeneration of Muscle
Skeletal muscle fibers cannot divide after 1st year
– growth is enlargement of existing cells
– repair
satellite cells & bone marrow produce some
new cells
if not enough numbers---fibrosis occurs most
often
Cardiac muscle fibers cannot divide or regenerate
– all healing is done by fibrosis (scar formation)
Smooth muscle fibers (regeneration is possible)
– cells can grow in size (hypertrophy)
– some cells (uterus) can divide (hyperplasia)
– new fibers can form from stem cells in BV walls
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