M T (DR Sadiq)
M T (DR Sadiq)
M T (DR Sadiq)
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Tissue and Organization
Over 700 skeletal muscles have been named.
Form the muscular system.
Muscle tissue is distributed almost everywhere in the
body.
Responsible for the movement of materials within
and throughout the body.
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4 Unique Characteristics of
Muscle Tissue
Excitability is equated with responsiveness.
Contractility causes the fiber to shorten resulting in either a pull
on bones or the movement of specific body parts.
Elasticity is the muscle’s ability to return to its original length
when tension is released.
Extensibility is capability of extending in length in response to
the contraction of opposing muscle fibers.
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscles are organs
Vary in shape and size
A skeletal muscle is composed of cells
Each cell is as long as the muscle
Small muscle: 100 micrometers long; 10 micrometers
in diameter
Large muscle: 35 centimeters long; 100 micrometers
in diameter
Skeletal Muscle cells are called MUSCLE FIBERS
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Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Body Movement
Maintenance of posture
Temperature regulation
Storage and movement of materials
Support
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Composition of Skeletal Muscle
Each skeletal muscle is composed of
fascicles.
bundles of muscle fibers
Muscle fibers contain myofibrils.
composed of myofilaments
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Connective Tissue Components
Three layers of CT
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Endomyseium: surrounds each muscle fiber
Perimysium: surrounds each fascicle
Epimysium: surrounds entire muscle
Provide protection, location for blood
vessels, nerves
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Endomysium
Innermost connective tissue layer
Surrounds each muscle fiber
Help bind together neighboring muscle fibers and
Support capillaries near fibers
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Perimysium
Surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers called
fascicles.
Has a dense irregular connective tissue sheath which
contains extensive arrays of blood vessels and nerves
that branch to supply each individual fascicle.
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Epimysium
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that
surrounds the whole skeletal muscle.
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Deep Fascia
An expansive sheet of dense irregular
connective tissue
separates individual muscles
functions
forms sheaths to help distribute nerves,
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Superficial Fascia
An extensive sheet of areolar connective
tissue and adipose
Also called subcutaneous tissue or
hypodermis
Separates muscle from skin
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Muscle Attachments
Tendon attaches the muscle to bone, skin, or
another muscle.
Tendons usually have a thick, cordlike
structure.
Sometimes forms a thin, flattened sheet,
termed an aponeurosis.
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Muscle Origin and Insertion
Most skeletal muscles extend between bones
and cross at least one movable joint.
Upon contraction, one of the bones moves
while the other bone usually remains fixed.
Less movable attachment of a muscle is
called its origin.
Origin typically lies proximal to the insertion.
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Muscle Origin and Insertion
More movable attachment of the muscle
is its insertion.
Insertion is pulled toward the origin.
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Origin and Insertion
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Blood Vessels and Nerves
Extends through both the epimysium and
perimysium.
Blood vessels deliver to the muscle fibers
both nutrients and oxygen needed for the
production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Also remove waste products produced by the
muscle fibers.
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Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Classified as voluntary: controlled by the
somatic (voluntary) nervous system.
The neurons that stimulate muscle
contraction: motor neurons.
Axon (or nerve fiber): transmits a nerve
impulse to a muscle fiber.
Axon travels through the epimysium and
perimysium, and enters the endomysium,
where it sends a nerve impulse to an
individual muscle fiber.
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Microscopic Anatomy
Specialized terms/structures
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
About 300 mitochondria
Unique structures:
Transverse tubules: deep invaginations of the
sarcolemma
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Terminal cisternae (lateral sacs)
Triad: T-tubule, 2 lateral sacs
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Microscopic Anatomy
Multinucleated cells
Occurs during development
Myoblasts: embryonic cells
Most fuse into one cell
Satellite cells
Myoblasts that do nor fuse
can aid in repair and regeneration in adults
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Myofibrils and Myofilaments
Myofibrils:
Long cylindrical organelles
About 1-2 micrometers in diameter
Extend length of muscle fiber
Shorten during contraction
Contain myofilaments
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Thin and Thick Myofilaments
Thin filaments
Actin
Two entwined strands of globular protein
Active site for myosin
Regulatory proteins
Troponin
Tropomyosin
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Thin and Thick Myofilaments
Thick filaments
Myosin
Myosin molecule: globular head, tail
Tails point to the middle of the filament
Heads called crossbridges
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Thin and Thick Myofilaments
Banding
I-band: light band
Actin filaments
Bisected by z-line
A-band: dark band
Overlap of actin and myosin myofilaments
Bisected by H-band
H-band (zone)
no actin here in relaxed fiber
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Thin and Thick Myofilaments
Banding
M-line:
Middle of H-band (zone) in relaxed fiber
Thin protein meshwork
Attachment for thick filaments
Z-line (Z-disc)
Thin protein structure
Connectins: anchor thin filaments
Titin: attach thin, thick filaments to z-disc
Attachment for thin filaments
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Sarcomere
The functional contractile unit of a
skeletal muscle fiber.
Defined as the distance from one Z disc
to the next adjacent Z disc.
Myofibrils contain multiple Z discs
Numerous sarcomeres in each myofibril.
Each shortens as the muscle fiber
contracts.
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The Sliding Filament Theory
The thin and thick filaments slide past
each other
This change in relative position results
in the shortening of the sarcomere
I-band narrows
H-band disappears
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Neuromuscular Junction
• Where motor neuron meets muscle fiber
• Components
– Synaptic knob
– Synaptic vesicles
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
– Motor end plate
• ACh receptors
– Synaptic cleft
• acetylcholinesterase
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Mechanism of contraction
Neuromuscular Junction:
Impulse causes release of Ach into synaptic cleft
Ach plugs into receptors
Initiates impulse in motor end plate
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh
Impulse travels on sarcolemma, then down T-
tubule.
Impulse reaches lateral sacs
Causes release of calcium ion
Calcium ion bonds to troponin
Causes tropomyosin to move off of the myosin bonding
site
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Mechanism of contraction
Myosin head bonds to actin, pushes actin to middle
of sarcomere
Myosin released from actin
Need ATP to release
As long as calcium is in cytoplasm, will continue to
contract
Return to relaxed condition
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Motor Neuron
Initiates muscle contraction in a single muscle fiber.
A single motor neuron typically controls numerous
muscle fibers in a muscle.
Has a neuromuscular junction with each muscle fiber
it controls.
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Motor Unit
Composed of a single motor neuron, the muscle
fibers it controls, and the neuromuscular junctions
between the motor neuron and the muscle fibers.
Typically controls only some of the muscle fibers in
an entire muscle.
Most muscles have many motor units.
many motor neurons are needed to innervate an entire
muscle
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All-Or-None Principle
All-or-none principle: A muscle fiber
either contracts completely or does not
contract at all.
When a motor unit is stimulated, all its
fibers contract at the same time.
The total force exerted by the muscle
depends on the number of activated
motor units.
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Muscle Tone
Some motor units are always active,
even when a muscle is at rest.
The motor units cause the muscle to
become tense, but do not produce
enough tension to cause movement.
Muscle tone is the resting tension in a
skeletal muscle.
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Contraction
Isometric
length of the muscle does not change because the tension
produced never exceeds the resistance (load)
tension is generated, but not enough to move the load
Isotonic
tension produced exceeds the resistance (load), and the
muscle fibers shorten, resulting in movement
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Muscle Atrophy
Reduction in muscle size, tone, and
power.
Due to reduced stimulation, it loses
both mass and tone.
Muscle becomes flaccid, and its fibers
decrease in size and become weaker.
Even a temporary reduction in muscle
use can lead to muscular atrophy.
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Muscle Hypertrophy
An increase in muscle fiber size.
Muscle size may be improved by exercising.
Repetitive, exhaustive stimulation of muscle
fibers results in more mitochondria, larger
glycogen reserves, and an increased ability to
produce ATP.
Ultimately, each muscle fiber develops more
myofibrils, and each myofibril contains a larger
number of myofilaments.
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Skeletal Muscle Has Striations
Appearance is due to size and density differences between thick
filaments and thin filaments.
Under the light microscope, two differently shaded bands are
present.
The dark bands, called A bands, contain the entire thick
filament.
At either end of a thick filament is a region where thin filaments
extend into the A band between the stacked thick filaments.
Light bands, called I bands, contain thin filaments only.
I band is lighter shaded than an A band because only the thin
filaments occupy this region.
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Actions of Skeletal Muscles
Grouped according to their primary actions into three types:
Agonists - also called a prime mover contracts to produce a
particular movement
Antagonists - actions oppose those of the agonist
Synergists
assist the prime mover in performing its action.
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Criteria for Naming of Muscles
Names incorporate appearance, location, function,
orientation, and unusual features
Names provide clues to their identification
orientation of muscle fibers
muscle attachments
specific body regions
muscle shape
muscle size
muscle heads/tendons of origin
muscle function or movement
muscle position at body surface
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Cardiac Muscle
Fibers are individual muscle fibers arranged in thick
bundles within the heart wall.
Fibers are striated like skeletal muscle fibers, but
shorter and thicker, and they have only one or two
nuclei.
Fibers form Y-shaped branches and join to adjacent
muscle fibers at junctions termed intercalated discs.
Fibers are autorhythmic (can generate a muscle
impulse without being stimulated).
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Smooth Muscle
Composed of short muscle fibers that have a
fusiform shape and single centrally located
nucleus.
Thick and thin filaments are not precisely
aligned so no visible striations or sarcomeres
are present.
Z discs are absent - thin filaments are
attached to dense bodies by elements of the
cytoskeleton.
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Smooth Muscle
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse.
Transverse tubules are absent.
Contraction is slow, resistant to fatigue,
and usually sustained for an extended
period of time.
Takes longer than skeletal muscle to
contract and relax.
Contraction is under involuntary control.
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Development of Skeletal Muscle
Initiated during the fourth week of embryonic
development when mesodermal cells form
thick blocks along each side of the developing
neural tube.
Blocks, called paraxial mesoderm, form
structures called somites.
sclerotome separates from the rest of the somite
and gives rise to the vertebral skeleton
dermatome forms the connective tissue of the skin
myotome gives rise to the skeletal muscles
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Effects of Aging on Skeletal
Muscle
Slow, progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass begins as a direct
result of increasing inactivity.
Size and power of all muscle tissues also decrease
Lost muscle mass is replaced by either adipose or fibrous
connective tissue.
Muscle strength and endurance are impaired.
Decreased cardiovascular performance thus.
Increased circulatory supply to active muscles occurs much
more slowly
Tolerance for exercise decreases.
Tendency toward rapid fatigue.
Muscle tissue has a reduced capacity to recover from disease or
injury.
Elasticity of skeletal muscle also decreases.
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