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    4.1 Phys

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    shivani
    This document provides an overview of the different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It describes the structure and function of skeletal muscle fibers, including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction is explained, involving the myosin heads pulling the actin filaments towards the center during each contraction cycle. Smooth muscle fibers are also described, noting their differences from skeletal muscle in structure, control, and contraction mechanism.

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    4.1 Phys

    Uploaded by

    shivani
    19 views27 pages
    This document provides an overview of the different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It describes the structure and function of skeletal muscle fibers, including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction is explained, involving the myosin heads pulling the actin filaments towards the center during each contraction cycle. Smooth muscle fibers are also described, noting their differences from skeletal muscle in structure, control, and contraction mechanism.

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    4.1 phys

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    This document provides an overview of the different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It describes the structure and function of skeletal muscle fibers, including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction is explained, involving the myosin heads pulling the actin filaments towards the center during each contraction cycle. Smooth muscle fibers are also described, noting their differences from skeletal muscle in structure, control, and contraction mechanism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views27 pages

    4.1 Phys

    Uploaded by

    shivani
    This document provides an overview of the different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It describes the structure and function of skeletal muscle fibers, including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction is explained, involving the myosin heads pulling the actin filaments towards the center during each contraction cycle. Smooth muscle fibers are also described, noting their differences from skeletal muscle in structure, control, and contraction mechanism.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27

    Chapter 4.

    Muscle:
    Mechanims of
    contraction
     Overview of muscular tissue
     Skeletal muscle
     Smooth muscle

    2
    Muscular tissue: consisting of muscle fibers

    Functions:
    Producing body movement
    Stabilizing body positions
    Storing andmoving substances within the body
    Generating heat

    Properties
    Electrical excitability
    Contractility
    Extensibility
    Elasticity

    3
    Skeletal muscle
    - Joined to bones and tendoms
    - Long striated fibers, cilindrical, multi-
    nucleated
    - Voluntary control
    - movement, posture, heat,

    Cardiac muscle
    - Heart walls
    - Striated and ramified fibers, 1 or 2 nuclei,
    intercalated discs
    - Involuntary control
    - Blood pumping
    Smooth muscle
    - Iris, blood vessel walls, respiratory tract,
    gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, urinary
    bladder
    - Fusiform fibers, non-striated, one nucleus
    - Involuntary control
    - Connstricts blood vessels and airways, movility
    of food through the tract, contraction of
    bladder and gallbladder 4
    Vocabulary

    General term Muscle term

    Muscle cells Muscle fiber/Myocyte

    Cell membrane Sarcolemma

    Cytoplasm Sarcoplasm

    Endoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum

    5
     Overview of muscular tissue
     Skeletal muscle
     Smooth muscle

    6
    Skeletal muscle
    • Striated muscle tissue surrounded
    by a sheath of connective tissue that
    joins it to the bone (tendons)

    • Muscle divides smaller tubes


    called fascicles

    •Fascicles are made of fibers


    (muscle cells), which contain the
    myofibrils

    •Myofibrils are composed of long


    proteins, including actin and
    myosin (myofilaments)

    • The sarcomere is the functional


    unit of the skeletal muscle
    7
    8
    9
    • Myofilaments
    •Think: miosin
    •Thin: actin
    •Sarcomere: Contraction basic functional unit
    •A band: A-band contains the entire length of a single thick
    filament
    •I band: thin filaments that arenot superimposed by thick filaments
    •H-zone: thick filaments that are not superimposed by the thin
    filaments.
    •Z-discs: Line
    separating two
    sarcomeres
    •M line: center of the
    sarcomere

    10
    Sarcomere

    11
    Thick filaments

    • Composed of numerous myosin units (more than 200)


    • Each filament presents a tail (myosin heavy chain)and a
    head (myosin light chain).
    •Myosin head has ATPase activity and can bind to the actin

    12
    Thin Filaments
    •Anchored to the Z-discs
    •Main component is an helix of actin
    •Each actin molecule contains a myosin-binding site
    •There are smaller amounts of two regulatory proteins: tropomyosin and troponin
    • In relaxed muscled cells, strands of tropomyosin are covering the binding sites in the
    actin. It blocks the actin-myosin union
    • Troponin is attached to tropomyosin and presents great affinity for actin,
    tropomyosin , and calcium

    13
    Sliding filament mechanism

    • Lenght of filaments does


    not change
    •Myosin heads pull the thin
    filaments toward the M line
    • Z-discs come closer
    together
    • I-bands decrease their
    lenght
    • Shortening of the
    sarcomeres causes
    shortening of the whole
    muscle fiber 14
    Sliding filament mechanism
    16
    The Contraction Cycle

    17
    Ca2+ release
    • Increase of Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol starts the contraction
    •Ca2+ is stored inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
    •The action potential open Ca2+ channels in the SR
    •After contraction, SERCA pumps move back the Ca2+ to the DR

    18
    Neuromuscular junction
    • Skeletal muscle is stimulated by somatic motor neurons
    •Neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a somatic
    motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
    • Motor end plate: muscle fibers stimulated by a single
    somatic motor neuron
    •NT: Ach
    20
    Muscle contraction

    21
    22
     Overview of muscular tissue
     Skeletal muscle
     Smooth muscle

    23
    Smooth muscle fibers
    •Filaments are not distributed in
    sarcomeres
    •Intermediate filaments and
    dense bodies are present
    • Thin filaments bind to dense
    bodies
    •Calcium in the SR (fewer) and in
    ECF
    •Calcium binds to calmodulin
    •Calmodulin activates myosin
    •Myosin binds to actin
    •Contraction is produced
    Types of action potentials in smooth muscle

    •RMP: -50 to -60 mV


    •There are more voltaje-dependent
    channels for Ca2+ than in skeletal
    muscle fibers
    •Spike potentials: generated by
    NT, hormones or streching (e.g:
    smooth fibers in blood vessels).
    •Slow waves: repetitive spike
    potentials (e.g.: digestive track)
    •With plateau (e.g. myometrium)

    27

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