Fhss TX RX Fast and Slow Fhss

The Concept of Spread Spectrum
 Input fed into channel encoder that produces analog

signal at narrow bandwidth around central frequency
 Signal is modulated using sequence of digits known as
spreading code or spreading sequence.
 Spreading code generated by pseudonoise
/pseudorandom number generator
 The effect of modulation is to increases bandwidth
significantly as the signal transmitted
 On the receiver side. The same digit sequence used to
demodulate the spread signal.
 Demodulated signal fed into channel decoder to recover
the data
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General Model of Spread Spectrum
System

Several things can be gained
 Immunity from various noise and multipath
distortion
 Earliest application : military communication used for its
immunity to jamming
 Cused for hiding and encrypting signals
 Only receiver who knows spreading code can retrieve
signal
 Several users can share same higher
bandwidth with little interference
 Cellular telephones
 Code division multiplexing (CDM)
 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS)
 Signal broadcast over seemingly random series
of frequencies, hopping from frequency to
frequency at fixed interval
 At receiver side, hoping between frequencies in
synchronization with transmitter
 Eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips (repetitive
pulse)
 Attempt to jam the signal on one frequency
affects only knocking out a few bits

Basic Operation
 Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming 2k
channels
 Channel spacing (between carrier frequency and
width of each channel) corresponds with
bandwidth of the input signal
 Each channel used for fixed interval
 300 ms in IEEE 802.11
 During that interval, some number of bits transmitted
using some encoding scheme
 Sequence of channel is dictated by
spreading code
 Transmitter and receiver used same code
for synchronization

Frequency Hopping
Example

FHSS
• During transmission, binary data is fed into a
modulator using some digital to analog encoding
scheme.
• The resulting signal is centered on some base
frequency.
• A Pseudonoise Number(PN) source serves as an index
into a table of frequencies or called spreading code.
• New carrier frequency selected based on
successive interval (each k PN bits)
• This frequency modulated by initial
modulator to produce signal with selected
carrier frequency

FHSS
digital to
analog
encoding
scheme

Spectrum System (Receiver)
• On receiver side, the spread spectrum signal is
demodulated using same frequency of PN and
demodulated to produce output data.

Spectrum System (Receiver)

Slow and Fast FHSS
 Common modulation technique used conjunction with
FHSS is multiple FSK (MFSK)
 For FHSS, MFSK signal is translated to new frequency
every Tc seconds by modulating the MFSK signal with
FHSS carrier.
 The effect is to translate he MFSK signal into the
appropriate FHSS channel.
 For data rate R, duration of bits is T= 1/R and duration
of a signal element is Ts = LT seconds
 Slow FHSS has T  T
c s
 Fast FHSS has T < T
c s
 Generally fast FHSS gives improved performance in
noise (or jamming)
Slow Frequency Hop Spread
Spectrum Using MFSK (M=4,
k=2)
•M = 4 , means 4 different frequencies are used to

encode the data input k=2 bits at a time
MFSK bandwidth, Wd = Mfd
fi = fc + (2i – 1 –M)fd
•FHSS scheme 2k =4, 4 carrier frequencies with 4
fc = denotes the carrier frequency
fd = denotes the difference frequency
channel
M = number of different signal elements = •FHSS bandwidth, Ws = 2kWd
2L
L = number of bit per signal element •Duration
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Engineering two signal elements or 4 bits, Tc = 12
2Ts =
Fast Frequency Hop Spread
Spectrum Using MFSK (M=4,
k=2)
•M = 4 , means 4 different frequencies are used

to encode the data input k=2 bits at a time
MFSK bandwidth, Wd = Mfd
•FHSS scheme 2k =4, 4 carrier frequencies with 4
channel
•FHSS bandwidth, Ws = 2kWd
•Duration of two signal elements or 4 bits, Ts 13=
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2T = 4T
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
 Each bit in the original signal is represented by
multiple bits in the transmitted signal
using spreading code.
 Spreading code spreads signal across wider
frequency band
 10 bit spreading code spreads signal across 10 times
bandwidth of 1 bit code
 One method with DSSS:
 Combine digital information stream input with
spreading code bit stream using exclusive OR (XOR)
 Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit
 Input zero bit doesn’t alter spreading code bit
 Data rate equal to original spreading code

Example

Transmitter

Transmitter

Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Using BPSK Example

Approximate Spectrum of
DSSS Signal

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The Concept of Spread Spectrum

 Input fed into channel encoder that produces analog

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•M = 4 , means 4 different frequencies are used to

•M = 4 , means 4 different frequencies are used

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