USOORE45037E

(19) United States

(12) Reissued Patent (10) Patent Number: US RE45,037 E
Murakami et al. (45) Date of Reissued Patent: Jul. 22, 2014

(54) METHOD FOR MODULATION AND (56) References Cited

TRANSMISSION APPARATUS U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
(71) Applicant: Optis Wireless Technology, LLC, 4,891.806 A 1/1990 Farias et al.
Plano, TX (US) 5,027,372 A 6/1991 Wong
5,313,494 A 5/1994 Park et al.
5,535,215 A 7/1996 Hieatt, III
(72) Inventors: Yutaka Murakami, Osaka (JP); 5,577,087 A 1 1/1996 Furuya
Masayuki Orihashi, Kanagawa (JP); 5,771,224. A 6/1998 Seki et al.
Akihiko Matsuoka, Kanagawa (JP); 5,909,469 A 6/1999 Frodigh et al.
5,914,959 A 6/1999 Marchetto et al.
Morikazu Sagawa, Tokyo (JP) 5,933,421 A 8, 1999 Alamouti et al.
6,087,986 A 7/2000 Shoki et al.
(73) Assignee: Optis Wireless Technology, LLC, 6,125,148 A 9/2000 Frodigh et al.
6,393,064 B1 5/2002 Nagai et al.
Plano, TX (US)
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
(21) Appl. No.: 13/916,324
EP O 734 132 A2 9, 1996
JP O7-29.7862 11, 1995
(22) Filed: Jun. 12, 2013 JP T-297862. A 11, 1995
Related U.S. Patent Documents JP 08-265.293 10, 1996
JP 8-265293 A 10, 1996
Reissue of: JP 9-933O2 4f1997
JP 9-933O2 A 4f1997
(64) Patent No.: 7,362,824
Issued: Apr. 22, 2008 OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Appl. No.: 09/240,632 European Search Report, for corresponding European Application
Filed: Feb. 1, 1999 No. 9910877.1, dated Jun. 17, 2002, 3 pages.
European Search Report, EP99101877, Jun. 6, 2002, pp. 1-3.
(30) Foreign Application Priority Data
Primary Examiner — Kevin Kim
Jan. 30, 1998 (JP) ..................................... 1O-O 18593 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Nixon & Vanderhye P.C.
Feb. 26, 1998 (JP) ..................................... 10-044983 (57) ABSTRACT
(51) Int. Cl. An input digital signal is periodically and alternately Sub
H04L 27/20 (2006.01) jected to first modulation and second modulation, being
thereby converted into a pair of a baseband I signal and a
(52) U.S. C. baseband Q signal. The first modulation and the second
USPC ............................ 375/308: 375/300; 375/302 modulation are different from each other. The pair of the
(58) Field of Classification Search baseband I signal and the baseband Q signal are outputted.
USPC ......... 375/261,279,281, 283, 298,308,377, The first modulation may be at least 8-signal-point modula
tion while the second modulation may be phase shift keying.
375/300, 302; 370/321,329,442, 468
See application file for complete search history. 20 Claims, 46 Drawing Sheets

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1. 2
METHOD FOR MODULATION AND A sixth aspect of this invention is based on the fourth aspect
TRANSMISSION APPARATUS thereof, and provides a method wherein the at least 8-signal
point modulation is at least 8 quadrature amplitude modula
tion.
Matter enclosed in heavy brackets appears in the s A seventh aspect of this invention is based on the fifth
original patent but forms no part of this reissue specifica aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the at least 8
tion; matter printed in italics indicates the additions quadrature amplitude modulation is 16 quadrature amplitude
made by reissue. modulation.
An eighth aspect of this invention is based on the sixth
10 aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the at least 8
Notice. This application is a second application for reissue quadrature amplitude modulation is 16 quadrature amplitude
of U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,824. The first application for reissue of modulation.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,824 is U.S. patent application Ser: No. A ninth aspect of this invention is based on the fifth aspect
12/764,512, filed Apr. 21, 2010, now U.S. Reissue Pat. No. Re. thereof, and provides a method wherein the at least 8 quadra
43,338. 15 ture amplitude modulation provides signal points which
result from rotation of signal points of at least 8-value normal
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of TL/4
radian about an origin in an I-Q plane.
1. Field of the Invention A tenth aspect of this invention is based on the sixth aspect
This invention relates to a modulation method. This inven- 20 thereof, and provides a method wherein the at least 8 quadra
tion also relates to a radio communication system. ture amplitude modulation provides signal points which
2. Description of the Related Art result from rotation of signal points of at least 8-value normal
Japanese published unexamined patent application quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of TL/4
9-93302 discloses a digital radio communication system in radian about an origin in an I-Q plane.
which a transmitted signal is composed of a stream of frames 25 An eleventh aspect of this invention is based on the seventh
each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a prede aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the 16 quadra
termined natural number. In every frame, the first and second ture amplitude modulation provides signal points which
symbols are pilot symbols of known data (fixed data), and the result from rotation of signal points of 16-value normal
pilot symbols are followed by (N-2) symbols representing quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of TL/4
main information to be transmitted. 30 radian about an origin in an I-Q plane.
In the digital radio communication system of Japanese A twelfth aspect of this invention is based on the eighth
application 9-93302, since pilot symbols in every frame are aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the 16 quadra
composed offixed data and are not used in the transmission of ture amplitude modulation provides signal points which
main information, they cause a decrease in the main-infor result from rotation of signal points of 16-value normal
mation transmission rate. 35 quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of TL/4
radian about an origin in an I-Q plane.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A thirteenth aspect of this invention is based on the second
aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein a maximum of
It is a first object of this invention to provide a modulation amplitudes corresponding to signal points of the at least
method which can prevent the occurrence of a decrease in an 40 8-signal-point modulation in an I-Q plane is equal to an
information transmission rate. amplitude of a signal point of the phase shift keying in the I-Q
It is a second object of this invention to provide a radio plane.
communication system which can prevent the occurrence of a A fourteenth aspect of this invention is based on the sev
decrease in an information transmission rate. enth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein a distance
A first aspect of this invention provides a method of modu- 45 between signal points of the 16 quadrature amplitude modu
lation which comprises the steps of periodically and alter lation in an I-Q plane is equal to a given value times a distance
nately subjecting an input digital signal to first modulation between signal points of the phase shift keying in the I-Q
and second modulation to convert the input digital signal into plane, the given value being in a range of 0.9 to 1.5.
a pair of a baseband I signal and a baseband Q signal, the first A fifteenth aspect of this invention is based on the seventh
modulation and the second modulation being different from 50 aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein a distance
each other; and outputting the pair of the baseband I signal between signal points of the 16 quadrature amplitude modu
and the baseband Q signal. lation in an I-Q plane is equal to twice a distance between
A second aspect of this invention is based on the first aspect signal points of the phase shift keying in the I-Q plane.
thereof, and provides a method wherein the first modulation is A sixteenth aspect of this invention is based on the eighth
at least 8-signal-point modulation, and the second modula- 55 aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein a distance
tion is phase shift keying. between signal points of the 16 quadrature amplitude modu
A third aspect of this invention is based on the second lation in the I-Q plane is equal to V2 times a distance between
aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the phase shift signal points of the quadrature phase shift keying in the I-Q
keying is quadrature phase shift keying. plane.
A fourth aspect of this invention is based on the third aspect 60 A seventeenth aspect of this invention is based on the
thereof, and provides a method wherein the quadrature phase second aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the
shift keying provides signal points on an I axis and a Qaxis in phase shift keying providing periodically-spaced symbols
an I-Q plane. which represent corresponding portions of the input digital
A fifth aspect of this invention is based on the second aspect signal in terms of differences between phases of the periodi
thereof, and provides a method wherein the at least 8-signal- 65 cally-spaced symbols.
point modulation is at least 8 quadrature amplitude modula An eighteenth aspect of this invention is based on the
tion. seventeenth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein
 US RE45,037 E
3 4
the at least 8-signal-point modulation assigns logic states of between signal points of the 16 quadrature amplitude modu
the input digital signal to respective signal points for a first lation in an I-Q plane is equal to twice a distance between
symbol in response to a signal point used by a second symbol signal points of the quadrature phase shift keying in the I-Q
of the phase shift keying which precedes the first symbol. plane.
A nineteenth aspect of this invention is based on the sev A thirty-second aspect of this invention is based on the
enteenth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the at twenty-sixth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein a
least 8-signal-point modulation is at least 8 quadrature ampli distance between signal points of the 16 quadrature amplitude
tude modulation. modulation in the I-Q plane is equal to V2 times a distance
A twentieth aspect of this invention is based on the nine between signal points of the quadrature phase shift keying in
teenth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the at 10 the I-Q plane.
least 8 quadrature amplitude modulation is 16 quadrature A thirty-third aspect of this invention provides a transmis
amplitude modulation. sion apparatus comprising first means for periodically and
A twenty-first aspect of this invention is based on the alternately Subjecting an input digital signal to first modula
nineteenth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the tion and second modulation to convert the input digital signal
at least 8 quadrature amplitude modulation provides signal 15 into a pair of a baseband I signal and a baseband Q signal, the
points which result from rotation of signal points of at least first modulation and the second modulation being different
8-value normal quadrature amplitude modulation through an from each other, the first modulation being at least 8-signal
angle of JL/4 radian about an origin in an I-Q plane. point modulation, the second modulation being phase shift
A twenty-second aspect of this invention is based on the keying; and second means for outputting the pair of the base
twentieth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the band I signal and the baseband Q signal.
16 quadrature amplitude modulation provides signal points A thirty-fourth aspect of this invention provides a reception
which result from rotation of signal points of 16-value normal apparatus comprising first means for recovering a pair of a
quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of JL/4 baseband I signal and a baseband Q signal from a received
radian about an origin in an I-Q plane. signal; and second means for periodically and alternately
A twenty-third aspect of this invention is based on the 25 Subjecting the pair of the baseband I signal and the baseband
seventeenth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein Q signal to first demodulation and second demodulation to
the phase shift keying is quadrature phase shift keying. convert the pair of the baseband I signal and the baseband Q
A twenty-fourth aspect of this invention is based on the signal into an original digital signal; wherein the first
twenty-third aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein demodulation is for signals of at least 8 signal points modu
the quadrature phase shift keying provides signal points on an 30 lation, and the second demodulation is phase shift keying
I axis and a Q axis in an I-Q plane. demodulation.
A twenty-fifth aspect of this invention is based on the first A thirty-fifth aspect of this invention provides a radio com
aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein the first modu munication system comprising a transmission apparatus
lation is 16 quadrature amplitude modulation, and the second includingal) first means for periodically and alternately Sub
modulation is quadrature phase shift keying. 35 jecting an input digital signal to first modulation and second
A twenty-sixth aspect of this invention is based on the modulation to convert the input digital signal into a pair of a
twenty-fifth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein baseband I signal and a baseband Q signal, the first modula
the 16 quadrature amplitude modulation provides signal tion and the second modulation being different from each
points which result from rotation of signal points of 16-value other, the first modulation being at least 8-signal-point modu
normal quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of 40 lation, the second modulation being phase shift keying; a2)
JL/4 radian about an origin in an I-Q plane. second means for converting the pair of the baseband I signal
A twenty-seventh aspect of this invention is based on the and the baseband Q signal generated by the first means into a
twenty-fifth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein corresponding RF signal; and a3) third means for transmitting
the quadrature phase shift keying provides signal points on an the RF signal generated by the second means; a reception
I axis and a Q axis in an I-Q plane. 45 apparatus including b1) fourth means for receiving the RF
A twenty-eighth aspect of this invention is based on the signal transmitted by the third means; b2) fifth means for
twenty-fifth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein recovering a pair of a baseband I signal and a baseband Q
the 16 quadrature amplitude modulation provides signal signal from the RF signal received by the fourth means; and
points which result from rotation of signal points of 16-value b3) sixth means for periodically and alternately subjecting the
normal quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of 50 pair of the baseband I signal and the baseband Q signal
JL/4 radian about an origin in an I-Q plane, and the quadrature recovered by the fifth means to first demodulation and second
phase shift keying provides signal points on an I axis and a Q demodulation to convert the pair of the baseband I signal and
axis in the I-Q plane. the baseband Q signal into an original digital signal; wherein
A twenty-ninth aspect of this invention is based on the the first demodulation is for signals of at least 8 signal points
twenty-fifth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein a 55 modulation, and the second demodulation is phase shift key
maximum of amplitudes corresponding to signal points of the ing demodulation.
16 quadrature amplitude modulation in an I-Q plane is equal
to an amplitude of a signal point of the quadrature phase shift BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
keying in the I-Q plane.
A thirtieth aspect of this invention is based on the twenty 60 FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a transmitter in a radio com
fifth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein a distance munication system according to a first embodiment of this
between signal points of the 16 quadrature amplitude modu invention.
lation in an I-Q plane is equal to a given value times a distance FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature
between signal points of the quadrature phase shift keying in baseband modulator) in FIG. 1.
the I-Q plane, the given value being in a range of 0.9 to 1.5. 65 FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a receiver in the radio com
A thirty-first aspect of this invention is based on the twenty munication system according to the first embodiment of this
fifth aspect thereof, and provides a method wherein a distance invention.
 US RE45,037 E
5 6
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector FIG. 28 is a diagram of the relation between the bit error
in FIG. 3. rate and the carrier-to-noise power ratio which is provided in
FIG.5 is a diagram of an arrangement of 16 signal points in a thirteenth embodiment of this invention, and the corre
an I-Q plane which are provided by 16-value APSK. sponding relation in a prior-art system.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in an 5 FIG. 29 is a diagram of the relation between the bit error
I-Q plane which are provided by QPSK. rate and the carrier-to-noise power ratio which is provided in
FIG. 7 is a time-domain diagram of a symbol stream. a fourteenth embodiment of this invention, and the corre
FIG. 8 is a bock diagram of a modulator (a quadrature sponding relation in a prior-art system.
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica 10
FIG. 30 is a block diagram of a transmitter in a radio
tion system according to a second embodiment of this inven communication system according to a fifteenth embodiment
tion. of this invention.
FIG.9 is a bock diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector in FIG. 31 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature
a receiver in the radio communication system according to the baseband modulator) in FIG. 30.
second embodiment of this invention. 15 FIG. 32 is a block diagram of a receiver in the radio com
FIG. 10 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in munication system according to the fifteenth embodiment of
an I-Q plane which are provided by 2"QAM (2"-value this invention.
QAM). FIG.33 is a block diagram of a quasi synchronous detector
FIG. 11 is a time-domain diagram of a symbol stream. in FIG. 32.
FIG. 12 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in FIG.34 is a diagram of an arrangement of 8 signal points in
an I-Q plane which are provided by 16QAM (16-value an I-Q plane which are provided by 8PSK.
QAM). FIG.35 is a diagram of an arrangement of two signal points
FIG. 13 is a time-domain diagram of a symbol stream. in an I-Q plane which are provided by BPSK.
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature FIG. 36 is a time-domain diagram of a symbol stream.
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica 25 FIG. 37 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points of
tion system according to a fourth embodiment of this inven BPSK, and logic states assigned thereto.
tion. FIG.38 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states
FIG. 15 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in assigned thereto, and a first signal point of BPSK.
an I-Q plane which are provided by QPSK. FIG. 39 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states
FIG.16 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector 30
assigned thereto, and a second signal point of BPSK.
in a receiver in the radio communication system according to FIG. 40 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature
the fourth embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica tion system according to a sixteenth embodiment of this
invention.
tion system according to a fifth embodiment of this invention. 35
FIG. 41 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector
FIG. 18 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector
in a receiver in the radio communication system according to in a receiver in the radio communication system according to
the fifth embodiment of this invention. the sixteenth embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature FIG. 42 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica 40 an I-Q plane which are provided by 2"QAM (2"-value
tion system according to a seventh embodiment of this inven QAM).
tion. FIG. 43 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in
FIG.20 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector an I-Q plane which are provided by 16QAM (16-value
in a receiver in the radio communication system according to QAM).
the seventh embodiment of this invention. 45 FIG. 44 is a time-domain diagram of a symbol stream.
FIG. 21 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in FIG. 45 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
an I-Q plane which are provided by 2"QAM (2"-value QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a first signal point of
QAM). BPSK.
FIG. 22 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in FIG. 46 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
an I-Q plane which are provided by 16QAM (16-value 50 QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a second signal
QAM). point of BPSK.
FIG. 23 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature FIG. 47 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica
tion system according to a ninth embodiment of this inven tion system according to a seventeenth embodiment of this
tion. 55 invention.
FIG.24 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector FIG. 48 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector
in a receiver in the radio communication system according to in a receiver in the radio communication system according to
the ninth embodiment of this invention. the seventeenth embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 25 is a time-domain diagram of a symbol stream. FIG. 49 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in
FIG. 26 is a diagram of the relation between the bit error 60 an I-Q plane which are provided by 2"QAM (2"-value
rate and the carrier-to-noise power ratio which is provided in QAM).
an eleventh embodiment of this invention, and the corre FIG.50 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in
sponding relation in a prior-art system. an I-Q plane which are provided by 16QAM (16-value
FIG. 27 is a diagram of the relation between the bit error QAM).
rate and the carrier-to-noise power ratio which is provided in 65 FIG. 51 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
a twelfth embodiment of this invention, and the correspond QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a first signal point of
ing relation in a prior-art system. BPSK.
 US RE45,037 E
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FIG. 52 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value FIG. 78 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a second signal QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a first signal point of
point of BPSK. QPSK.
FIG. 53 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature FIG. 79 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a second signal
tion system according to an eighteenth embodiment of this point of QPSK.
invention. FIG.80 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
FIG. 54 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a third signal point
in a receiver in the radio communication system according to of QPSK.
the eighteenth embodiment of this invention. 10
FIG. 81 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
FIG.55 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a fourth signal point
an I-Q plane which are provided by QPSK.
FIG. 56 is a time-domain diagram of a symbol stream. of QPSK.
FIG. 57 is a diagram of signal points of QPSK, and logic FIG. 82 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature
states assigned thereto. 15 baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica
FIG. 58 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states tion system according to a twenty-second embodiment of this
assigned thereto, and a first signal point of QPSK. invention.
FIG. 59 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states FIG. 83 is a block diagram of a quasi synchronous detector
assigned thereto, and a second signal point of QPSK. in a receiver in the radio communication system according to
FIG. 60 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states the twenty-second embodiment of this invention.
assigned thereto, and a third signal point of QPSK. FIG. 84 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
FIG. 61 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a first signal point of
assigned thereto, and a fourth signal point of QPSK. QPSK.
FIG. 62 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature FIG. 85 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica 25 QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a second signal
tion system according to a nineteenth embodiment of this point of QPSK.
invention. FIG. 86 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
FIG. 63 is a block diagram of a quasi Synchronous detector QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a third signal point
in a receiver in the radio communication system according to of QPSK.
the nineteenth embodiment of this invention. 30 FIG. 87 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
FIG. 64 is a time-domain diagram of a symbol stream. QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a fourth signal point
FIG. 65 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value of QPSK.
QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a first signal point of FIG. 88 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature
QPSK. baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica
FIG. 66 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value 35 tion system according to a twenty-third embodiment of this
QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a second signal invention.
point of QPSK. FIG. 89 is a block diagram of a quasi synchronous detector
FIG. 67 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value in a receiver in the radio communication system according to
QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a third signal point the twenty-third embodiment of this invention.
of QPSK. 40 FIG.90 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
FIG. 68 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a first signal point of
QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a fourth signal point QPSK.
of QPSK. FIG.91 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
FIG. 69 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a second signal
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica 45 point of QPSK.
tion system according to a twentieth embodiment of this FIG. 92 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
invention. QAM), logic states assigned thereto, and a third signal point
FIG.70 is a block diagram of a quasi synchronous detector of QPSK.
in a receiver in the radio communication system according to FIG.93 is a diagram of signal points of 16QAM (16-value
the twentieth embodiment of this invention. 50 QAM), logic States assigned thereto, and a fourth signal point
FIG. 71 is a diagram of an arrangement of signal points in of QPSK.
an I-Q plane which are provided by QPSK. FIG.94 is a diagram of relations between the bit error rate
FIG.72 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states and the ratio of the 1-bit signal energy “Eb” to the noise power
assigned thereto, and a first signal point of QPSK. density “NO”.
FIG. 73 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states 55
assigned thereto, and a second signal point of QPSK. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
FIG. 74 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states EMBODIMENTS
assigned thereto, and a third signal point of QPSK.
FIG. 75 is a diagram of signal points of 8PSK, logic states In the following description, 2"-value QAM means
assigned thereto, and a fourth signal point of QPSK. 60 2"QAM, and 16-value QAM means 16QAM and 16-value
FIG. 76 is a block diagram of a modulator (a quadrature APSK means 16APSK.
baseband modulator) in a transmitter in a radio communica
tion system according to a twenty-first embodiment of this First Embodiment
invention.
FIG. 77 is a block diagram of a quasi synchronous detector 65 FIG. 1 shows a transmitter 10 in a radio communication
in a receiver in the radio communication system according to system according to a first embodiment of this invention.
the twenty-first embodiment of this invention. With reference to FIG. 1, the transmitter 10 includes a modu
 US RE45,037 E
9 10
lator 12 and an RF (radio frequency) portion 15. The modu from the QPSK modulator 12B, and the output Q signal from
lator 12 is defined and referred to as the quadrature baseband the reference signal generator 12C, and transmits the selected
modulator 12. Q signal to the RF portion 15.
A digital signal to be transmitted (that is, an input digital During an initial stage of signal transmission, the Switch
signal or main information to be transmitted) is fed to the 12D selects the output I signal from the reference signal
quadrature baseband modulator 12. The device 12 subjects generator 12C while the switch 12E selects the output Q
the input digital signal to quadrature baseband modulation, signal from the reference signal generator 12C. During an
thereby converting the input digital signal into a pair of modu interval of time which follows the initial stage, the switch 12D
lation-resultant baseband signals, that is, a baseband I (in alternately selects one of the output I signal from the APSK
phase) signal and a baseband Q (quadrature) signal. The 10 modulator 12A and the output I signal from the QPSK modu
quadrature baseband modulator 12 outputs the baseband I lator 12B at a predetermined period, and transmits the
signal and the baseband Q signal to the RF portion 15. selected I signal to the RF portion 15. During the time interval
As is well known in the art, a pair of modulated baseband following the initial stage, the switch 12E alternately selects
I and Q signals is composed of (or contains) a stream of one of the output Q signal from the APSK modulator 12A and
modulated symbols. According to the invention, the quadra 15 the output Q signal from the QPSK modulator 12B at the
ture baseband modulator 12 outputs the baseband I and Q predetermined period, and transmits the selected Q signal to
signals composed of a stream of modulated symbols as shown the RF portion 15.
in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 shows an arrangement of a symbol stream Accordingly, with respect to the input digital signal, the
according to the base concept of the invention. In FIG. 7, the quadrature baseband modulator 12 alternately implements
symbol stream is basically composed of first symbols having the 16-value APSK modulation and the QPSK modulation at
been subjected to a first modulation scheme (16 APSK in the the predetermined period.
specific example of FIG. 7) and periodically includes second FIG. 3 shows a receiver 20 in the radio communication
symbols having been Subjected to a second modulation system according to the first embodiment of this invention.
scheme (QPSK in the specific example of FIG. 7) which is With reference to FIG. 3, the receiver 20 includes an RF
different from the first modulation scheme. This enables a 25 portion 22, calculators 25 and 26, and a quasi Synchronous
receiver to use each of the second symbols as a pilot symbol detector 29.
from which the amplitude distortion and the phase distortion An RF signal caught by an antenna 21 is applied to the RF
can be estimated for use in demodulation of the second sym portion 22. The RF portion 22 subjects the applied RF signal
bols following the first symbol. Many widely different to frequency conversion (which may include RF demodula
embodiments of the quadrature baseband modulator 12 can 30 tion), thereby converting the applied RF signal into a pair of
be constructed. Some embodiments will be described in the a baseband I signal and a baseband Q signal. The RF portion
followings. 22 outputs the baseband I signal and the baseband Q signal to
The RF portion 15 converts the baseband I signal and the the calculators 25 and 26, and the quasi Synchronous detector
baseband Q signal into an RF signal through frequency con 29.
version which may include RF modulation. The RF portion 35 The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion
15 feeds the RF signal to an antenna 17. The RF signal is amount from the baseband I signal and the baseband Q signal.
radiated by the antenna 17. The calculator 25 informs the quasi synchronous detector 29
As shown in FIG. 2, the quadrature baseband modulator 12 of the estimated amplitude distortion amount. The calculator
includes a 16-value APSK (amplitude phase shift keying) 26 estimates a frequency offset amount from the baseband I
modulator 12A, a QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) 40 signal and the baseband Q signal. The calculator 26 informs
modulator 12B, a reference signal generator 12C, and the quasi synchronous detector 29 of the estimated frequency
switches 12D and 12E. offset amount.
The APSK modulator 12A and the QPSK modulator 12B The device 29 subjects the baseband I signal and the base
receives the input digital signal. The device 12A subjects the band Q signal to quasi Synchronous detection responsive to
input digital signal to 16APSK (16-value APSK modulation), 45 the estimated amplitude distortion amount and the estimated
thereby converting the input digital signal into a pair of a frequency offset amount, thereby demodulating the baseband
baseband I signal and a baseband Q signal. The APSK modu I signal and the baseband Q signal into an original digital
lator 12A outputs the baseband I signal to the switch 12D. The signal. Thus, the quasi Synchronous detector 29 recovers the
APSK modulator 12A outputs the baseband Q signal to the original digital signal from the baseband I signal and the
switch 12E. The device 12B subjects the input digital signal to 50 baseband Q signal. The quasi Synchronous detector 29 out
QPSK (QPSK modulation), thereby converting the input puts the recovered original digital signal.
digital signal into a pair of a baseband I signal and a baseband As shown in FIG. 4, the quasi synchronous detector 29
Q signal. The QPSK modulator 12B outputs the baseband I includes a 16-value APSK demodulator 29A, a QPSK
signal to the switch 12D. The QPSK modulator 12B outputs demodulator 29B, and a switch 29C.
the baseband Q signal to the switch 12E. The reference signal 55 The APSK demodulator 29A and the QPSK demodulator
generator 12C outputs a reference baseband I signal to the 29B receive the baseband I and Q signals from the RF portion
switch 12D. The reference signal generator 12C outputs a 22. In addition, the APSK demodulator 29A and the QPSK
reference baseband Q signal to the switch 12E. The output I demodulator 29B are informed of the estimated amplitude
and Q signals from the reference signal generator 12C are distortion amount and the estimated frequency offset amount
used in acquiring synchronization between the transmitter 10 60 by the calculators 25 and 26.
and a receiver during an initial stage of signal transmission. The device 29A subjects the baseband I signal and the
The switch 12D selects one of the output I signal from the baseband Q signal to 16-value APSK demodulation respon
APSK modulator 12A, the output I signal from the QPSK sive to the estimated amplitude distortion amount and the
modulator 12B, and the output I signal from the reference estimated frequency offset amount, thereby demodulating the
signal generator 12C, and transmits the selected I signal to the 65 baseband I signal and the baseband Q signal into an original
RF portion 15. The switch 12E selects one of the output Q digital signal. Thus, the APSK demodulator 29A recovers the
signal from the APSK modulator 12A, the output Q signal original digital signal from the baseband I signal and the
 US RE45,037 E
11 12
baseband Q signal. The APSK demodulator 29A outputs the
recovered original digital signal to the switch 29C. t kit , it (kt kit (1)
The device 29B subjects the baseband I signal and the I16APSK = ho(cos(cos() sin sin(i)} -- hlco)
baseband Q signal to QPSK demodulation responsive to the
estimated amplitude distortion amount and the estimated fre Q16APSK = hocos sin(i) -- singos(i) -- hisin(i) (2)
quency offset amount, thereby demodulating the baseband I
signal and the baseband Q signal into an original digital
signal. Thus, the QPSK demodulator 29B recovers the origi where “k” denotes a variable integer: (h(), h1)=(0, g1) or (ho),
nal digital signal from the baseband I signal and the baseband h1)=(g0, 0); “g0' and “g1' denote predetermined constants
Q signal. The QPSK demodulator 29B outputs the recovered 10 respectively; and the constant g1 is greater than the constant
original digital signal to the switch 29C. g0. With reference to FIG. 5, the signal points on the Q axis
The switch 29C alternately selects the output digital signal correspond to the maximum amplitude which is given by the
from the APSK demodulator 29A and the output digital signal constant g1.
from the QPSK demodulator 29B in response to a timing FIG. 6 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q
signal (a frame and symbol sync signal), and transmits the 15 plane which are provided by the QPSK modulation. In FIG. 6,
selected digital signal to a later stage. When the baseband I the signal points are denoted by the reference numeral “201'.
and Q signals outputted from the RF portion 22 to the quasi The signal points are assigned to different logic values
synchronous detector 29 correspond to a result of the respectively. The positions (Iorsk, Qorsk) of the signal
16-value APSK modulation, the switch 29C selects the output points are given by the following equations.
digital signal from the APSK demodulator 29A. When the I
and Q signals outputted from the RF portion 22 to the quasi
synchronous detector 29 correspond to a result of the QPSK
modulation, the switch 29C selects the output digital signal Io PSK = p(cos(3)cos() sini sin() (3)
from the QPSK demodulator 29B. kit kit (4)
For example, the APSK demodulator 29A includes an 25 QPSK = p(cos(sin) -- sin cos()
amplitude correction circuit (an amplitude compensation cir
cuit) and a frequency correction circuit (a frequency compen
sation circuit). The amplitude correction circuit compensates where “k” denotes a variable integer, and “p' denotes a pre
for an amplitude distortion of the baseband I signal and the determined constant. With reference to FIG. 6, all the signal
baseband Q signal in response to the estimated amplitude 30 points correspond to a same amplitude given by the constant
distortion, thereby generating a first compensation-resultant “p'. In addition, all the distances between the neighboring
baseband I signal and a first compensation-resultant baseband signal points are equal to a same value given by V2p. Further
Q signal. The frequency correction circuit compensates for a more, the signal points are spaced at equal angular intervals.
frequency offset of the first compensation-resultant baseband Accordingly, a QPSK modulation-resultant signal is Suited
I signal and the first compensation-resultant baseband Q sig 35 for detecting an amplitude distortion and a frequency offset.
nal in response to the estimated frequency offset amount, With reference to FIG. 7, a pair of the I signal and the Q
thereby generating a second compensation-resultant base signal outputted from the quadrature baseband modulator 12
band I signal and a second compensation-resultant baseband in the transmitter 10, or the RF signal outputted from the RF
Q signal. In the APSK demodulator 29A, the second compen portion 15 in the transmitter 10 is composed of a stream of
sation-resultant baseband I signal and the second compensa 40 frames each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a
tion-resultant baseband Q signal are subjected to the 16-value predetermined natural number. In every frame, the first sym
APSK demodulation, being converted into the original digital bol results from the QPSK modulation, and the second and
signal. later symbols result from the 16-value APSK modulation.
For example, the QPSK demodulator 29B includes an The first symbol in every frame (that is, the QPSK symbol in
amplitude correction circuit and a frequency correction cir 45 every frame) is used by the receiver 20 as a pilot symbol for
cuit. The amplitude correction circuit compensates for an estimating an amplitude distortion amount and a frequency
amplitude distortion of the baseband I signal and the base offset amount. It should be noted that every pilot symbol also
band Q signal in response to the estimated amplitude distor carries a part of the main information to be transmitted.
tion, thereby generating a first compensation-resultant base In the receiver 20, the calculator 25 separates pilot symbols
band I signal and a first compensation-resultant baseband Q 50 (first symbols inframes) from the output I and Q signals of the
signal. The frequency correction circuit compensates for a RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol
frequency offset of the first compensation-resultant baseband sync signal) having a period corresponding to N symbols. The
I signal and the first compensation-resultant baseband Q sig calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion amount from
nal in response to the estimated frequency offset amount, the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the calculator 26 sepa
thereby generating a second compensation-resultant base 55 rates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output
band I signal and a second compensation-resultant baseband I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a
Q signal. In the QPSK demodulator 29B, the second compen frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding
sation-resultant baseband I signal and the second compensa to N symbols. The calculator 26 estimates a frequency offset
tion-resultant baseband Q signal are subjected to the QPSK amount from the separated pilot symbols.
demodulation, being converted into the original digital signal. 60 Preferably, the maximum amplitude g1 provided by the
FIG. 5 shows an arrangement of 16 signal points in an I-Q 16-value APSK modulation is equal to the amplitude “p'
plane which are provided by the 16-value APSK modulation. provided by the QPSK modulation. In this case, the amplitude
In FIG. 5, the 16 signal points are denoted by the reference distortion amount and the frequency offset amount can be
numeral “101. The 16 signal points are assigned to 16 dif accurately estimated.
ferent logic values respectively. The positions (Is 65 The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver 20 is
Ques) of the 16 signal points are given by the following designed to implement the following processes. The quasi
equations. synchronous detector 29 subjects the output I and Q signals of
 US RE45,037 E
13 14
the RF portion 22 to the QPSK demodulation and outputs the Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the 2"-
QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal when the output value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (7), is
I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent a pilot symbol. equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modula
The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects the output I and Q tion. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the
signals of the RF portion 22 to the 16-value APSK demodu frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated.
lation and outputs the APSK-demodulation-resultant digital The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG.
signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 3) is designed to implement the following processes. The
represent a normal symbol different from a pilot symbol. quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q
signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and
Second Embodiment 10 outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent
A second embodiment of this invention is similar to the first a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects
embodiment thereof except for design changes indicated the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 2"-value
hereinafter. QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-demodulation
As shown in FIG. 8, a modulator (a quadrature baseband 15 resultant digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the
modulator) in a transmitter in the second embodiment of this RF portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a
invention includes a 2"QAM (2"-value QAM or 2"-value pilot symbol.
quadrature amplitude modulation) modulator 12F instead of
the 16-value APSK modulator 12A (see FIG. 2). Here, “m” Third Embodiment
denotes a predetermined integer equal to or greater than 2.
As shown in FIG. 9, a quasi Synchronous detector in a A third embodiment of this invention is similar to the
receiver in the second embodiment of this invention includes second embodiment thereof except that 16-value QAM
a 2"-value QAM demodulator 29D instead of the 16-value replaces 2"-value QAM.
APSK demodulator 29A (see FIG. 4). According to the third embodiment of this invention, a
FIG. 10 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q 25 modulator (a quadrature baseband modulator) in a transmitter
plane which are provided by 2"-value QAM executed in the includes a 16-value QAM modulator instead of the 2"-value
QAM modulator 12F. In FIG. 10, the signal points are QAM modulator 12F (see FIG. 8). In addition, a quasi syn
denoted by the reference numeral'401'. The signal points are chronous detector in a receiver includes a 16-value QAM
assigned to different logic values respectively. The positions demodulator instead of the 2"-value QAM demodulator
(Io, Qot) of the signal points are given by the following 30 29D (see FIG.9).
equations. FIG. 12 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q
(5) plane which are provided by the 16-value QAM. In FIG. 12,
the signal points are denoted by the reference numeral "601'.
The signal points are assigned to different logic values
where “m' denotes a predetermined integer equal to or 35 respectively. The positions (Isou, Qigo) of the signal
greater than 2: (a1, b1), (a2, b2). . . . . (am, bm) are binary points are given by the following equations.
code words of “1” and “-1'; and “q denotes a predetermined Isolar-r(2a+2a2) (8)
constant. With reference to FIG. 10, specified ones of the
signal points correspond to the maximum amplitude which is
40
given as follows.
(2-1+2-2+...+29)V2d (7)
where (a1, b1) and (a2, b2) are binary code words of “1” and
“-1, and “r” denotes a predetermined constant. With refer
With reference to FIG. 11, a pair of the I signal and the Q ence to FIG. 12, specified ones of the signal points correspond
signal outputted from the quadrature baseband modulator in to the maximum amplitude which is given as follows.
the transmitter (see FIG. 1), or the RF signal outputted from 45
(21+20)v2r (10)
the RF portion in the transmitter is composed of a stream of
frames each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a In addition, the distances between the neighboring signal
predetermined natural number. In every frame, the first sym points are equal to a same value given by "2r.
bol results from the QPSK modulation, and the second and With reference to FIG. 13, a pair of the I signal and the Q
later symbols result from the 2"-value QAM. The first sym 50 signal outputted from the quadrature baseband modulator in
bol in every frame (that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) the transmitter (see FIG. 1), or the RF signal outputted from
is used by the receiver as a pilot symbol for estimating an the RF portion in the transmitter is composed of a stream of
amplitude distortion amount and a frequency offset amount. frames each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a
It should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries a part of predetermined natural number. In every frame, the first sym
the main information to be transmitted. 55 bol results from the QPSK modulation, and the second and
In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot later symbols result from the 16-value QAM. The first symbol
symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q in every frame (that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is
signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame used by the receiver as a pilot symbol for estimating an
and symbol Sync signal) having a period corresponding to N amplitude distortion amount and a frequency offset amount.
symbols. The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion 60 It should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries a part of
amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the cal the main information to be transmitted.
culator 26 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot
from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q
response to a signal (a frame and symbol sync signal) having signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame
a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator 26 esti 65 and symbol Sync signal) having a period corresponding to N
mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot symbols. The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion
symbols. amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the cal
 US RE45,037 E
15 16
culator 26 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) Furthermore, the signal points are spaced at equal angular
from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in intervals. Accordingly, a QPSK modulation-resultant signal
response to a signal (a frame and symbol sync signal) having is Suited for detecting an amplitude distortion and a frequency
a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator 26 esti offset.
mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot As shown in FIG. 16, a quasi Synchronous detector in a
symbols. receiver in the fourth embodiment of this invention includes a
Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the QPSK demodulator 29E instead of the QPSK demodulator
16-value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (10), 29B (see FIG. 4).
is equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modu The QPSK demodulator 29E implements demodulation
lation. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the 10 inverse with respect to the modulation by the QPSK modula
tor 12G.
frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated. A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the
The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG. quadrature baseband modulator 12 in the transmitter 10 (see
3) is designed to implement the following processes. The FIG. 1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion 15 in
quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q 15 the transmitter 10 is composed of a stream of frames each
signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predeter
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal mined natural number. In every frame, the first symbol results
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent from the QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols
a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects result from the 16-value APSK modulation. The first symbol
the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 16-value in every frame (that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is
QAM demodulation and the QAM-demodulation-resultant used by the receiver 20 (see FIG. 3) as a pilot symbol for
digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF estimating an amplitude distortion amount and a frequency
portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot offset amount. It should be noted that every pilot symbol also
symbol.
In general, the inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the carries a part of the main information to be transmitted.
QPSK modulation is equal to a given value times the inter
25 In the receiver 20, the calculator 25 separates pilot symbols
signal-point distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. Preferably, (first symbols inframes) from the output I and Q signals of the
the given value is in the range of 0.90 to 1.50. In this case, a RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol
sufficiently low bit error rate is provided. sync signal) having a period corresponding to N symbols. The
The inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modu calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion amount from
lation may be equal to twice the inter-signal-point distance
30 the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the calculator 26 sepa
“2r in the 16-value QAM. In this case, it is preferable that the rates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output
quasi Synchronous detector in the receiver detects the I-Q- I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a
plane amplitude of the output I and Q signals of the RF frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding
portion when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to N symbols. The calculator 26 estimates a frequency offset
represent a pilot symbol, and that the detected I-Q-plane
35 amount from the separated pilot symbols.
amplitude is used as an I-Q-plane amplitude threshold value Preferably, the maximum amplitude g1 provided by the
for the 16-value QAM demodulation. 16-value APSK modulation is equal to the amplitude “p'
provided by the QPSK modulation. In this case, the amplitude
Fourth Embodiment distortion amount and the frequency offset amount can be
40 accurately estimated.
A fourth embodiment of this invention is similar to the first The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver 20 is
embodiment thereof except for design changes indicated designed to implement the following processes. The quasi
hereinafter. synchronous detector 29 subjects the output I and Q signals of
As shown in FIG. 14, a modulator (a quadrature baseband the RF portion 22 to the QPSK demodulation and outputs the
modulator) in a transmitter in the fourth embodiment of this
45 QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal when the output
invention includes a QPSK modulator 12G instead of the I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent a pilot symbol.
QPSK modulator 12B (see FIG. 2). The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects the output I and Q
FIG. 15 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q signals of the RF portion 22 to the 16-value APSK demodu
plane which are provided by QPSK modulation implemented lation and outputs the APSK-demodulation-resultant digital
by the QPSK modulator 12G. In FIG. 15, the signal points are
50 signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22
denoted by the reference numeral“801. The signal points are represent a normal symbol different from a pilot symbol.
assigned to different logic values respectively. The positions Fifth Embodiment
(Iorsk. Qoesko) of the signal points are given by the fol
lowing equations. 55 A fifth embodiment of this invention is similar to the sec
ond embodiment thereof except for design changes indicated
hereinafter.
IoPSKR = IoPSKcost -- ') QPSKsin -- ') (11) As shown in FIG. 17, a modulator (a quadrature baseband
modulator) in a transmitter in the fifth embodiment of this
Qo PSKR = IoPSKsin -- }QoPSKcost -- ') (12) 60 invention includes a QPSK modulator 12G instead of the
QPSK modulator 12B (see FIG. 8). The QPSK modulator
12G implements QPSK modulation providing signal points
where “n” denotes an integer, and (Iorsk, Qoesk) are given which are arranged in an I-Q plane as shown in FIG. 15.
by the equations (3) and (4). With reference to FIG. 15, all the As shown in FIG. 18, a quasi Synchronous detector in a
signal points correspond to a same amplitude given by the 65 receiver in the fifth embodiment of this invention includes a
constant “p”. In addition, all the distances between the neigh QPSK demodulator 29E instead of the QPSK demodulator
boring signal points are equal to a same value given by V2p. 29B (see FIG.9).
 US RE45,037 E
17 18
The QPSK demodulator 29E implements demodulation QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result
inverse with respect to the modulation by the QPSK modula from the 16-value QAM. The first symbol in every frame (that
tor 12G. is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the receiver as
A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the a pilot symbol for estimating an amplitude distortion amount
quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG. and a frequency offset amount. It should be noted that every
1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the pilot symbol also carries a part of the main information to be
transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N transmitted.
successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot
number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q
QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result 10 signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame
from the 2"-value QAM. The first symbol in every frame and symbol Sync signal) having a period corresponding to N
(that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the symbols. The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion
receiver as a pilot symbol for estimating an amplitude distor amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the cal
tion amount and a frequency offset amount. It should be noted culator 26 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames)
that every pilot symbol also carries a part of the main infor 15 from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in
mation to be transmitted. response to a signal (a frame and symbol sync signal) having
In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator 26 esti
symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot
signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame symbols.
and symbol Sync signal) having a period corresponding to N Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the
symbols. The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion 16-value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (10),
amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the cal is equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modu
culator 26 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) lation. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the
from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated.
response to a signal (a frame and symbol sync signal) having 25 The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG.
a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator 26 esti 3) is designed to implement the following processes. The
mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q
symbols. signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and
Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the 2"- outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal
value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (7), is 30 when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent
equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modula a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects
tion. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 16-value
frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated. QAM demodulation and the QAM-demodulation-resultant
The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG. digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF
3) is designed to implement the following processes. The 35 portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot
quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q symbol.
signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and In general, the inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal QPSK modulation is equal to a given value times the inter
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent signal-point distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. Preferably,
a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects 40 the given value is in the range of 0.90 to 1.50. In this case, a
the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 2"-value sufficiently low bit error rate is provided.
QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-demodulation The inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modu
resultant digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the lation may be equal to twice the inter-signal-point distance
RF portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a “2r in the 16-value QAM. In this case, it is preferable that the
pilot symbol. 45 quasi Synchronous detector in the receiver detects the I-Q-
plane amplitude of the output I and Q signals of the RF
Sixth Embodiment portion when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22
represent a pilot symbol, and that the detected I-Q-plane
A sixth embodiment of this invention is similar to the fifth amplitude is used as an I-Q-plane amplitude threshold value
embodiment thereof except that 16-value QAM replaces 2"- 50 for the 16-value QAM demodulation.
value QAM.
According to the sixth embodiment of this invention, a Seventh Embodiment
modulator (a quadrature baseband modulator) in a transmitter
includes a 16-value QAM modulator instead of the 2"-value A seventh embodiment of this invention is similar to the
QAM modulator 12F (see FIG. 17). The QAM modulator 55 first embodiment thereof except for design changes indicated
implements 16-value QAM providing signal points which are hereinafter.
arranged in an I-Q plane as shown in FIG. 12. According to As shown in FIG. 19, a modulator (a quadrature baseband
the sixth embodiment of this invention, a quasi Synchronous modulator) in a transmitter in the seventh embodiment of this
detector in a receiver includes a 16-value QAM demodulator invention includes a 2"-value QAM modulator 12H instead
instead of the 2"-value QAM demodulator 29D (see FIG. 60 of the 16-value APSK modulator 12A (see FIG.2). Here, “m”
18). denotes a predetermined integer equal to or greater than 2.
A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the As shown in FIG. 20, a quasi Synchronous detector in a
quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG. receiver in the seventh embodiment of this invention includes
1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the a 2"-value QAM demodulator 29F instead of the 16-value
transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N 65 APSK demodulator 29A (see FIG. 4).
successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural FIG. 21 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q
number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the plane which are provided by 2"-value QAM executed in the
 US RE45,037 E
19 20
QAM modulator 12H. In FIG. 21, the signal points are According to the eighth embodiment of this invention, a
denoted by the reference numeral'901. The signal points are modulator (a quadrature baseband modulator) in a transmitter
assigned to different logic values respectively. The positions includes a 16-value QAM modulator instead of the 2"-value
of the signal points in FIG. 21 result from rotation of the QAM modulator 12H (see FIG. 19). In addition, a quasi
signal points in FIG. 10 through an angle of U/4 radian about synchronous detector in a receiver includes a 16-value QAM
the origin. Specifically, the positions (Io, Qor) of the demodulatorinstead of the 2"-value QAM demodulator 29F
signal points in FIG. 21 are given by the following equations.
(see FIG. 20).
FIG. 22 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q
plane which are provided by 16-value QAM executed in the
IoAMR= IoAM{cost -- ') QAM{sin -- ') (13) 10
16-value QAM modulator. In FIG. 22, the signal points are
denoted by the reference numeral “1001'. The signal points
QoAMR = loarksin, -- ') + QoAM (cost -- ') (14) are assigned to different logic values respectively. The posi
tions of the signal points in FIG.22 result from rotation of the
signal points in FIG. 12 through an angle of U/4 radian about
where “n” denotes an integer, and (Io, Qot) are given by 15
the origin. Specifically, the positions (Isou, Qisolar) of
the equations (5) and (6). With reference to FIG. 21, the the signal points in FIG. 22 are given by the following equa
maximum amplitude which corresponds to specified ones of tions.
the signal points is equal to the value given by the expression
(7).
A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the
quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG. I16QAMR = low-cost: -- ') Qigos (sin. -- ') (15)
1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the
transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N Q16QAMR = I16QAM (sin -- ') + Q16QAM (cost -- ') (16)
successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural
number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the 25
QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result where “n” denotes an integer, and (Isou, Qigo) are given
from the 2"-value QAM. The first symbol in every frame by the equations (8) and (9). With reference to FIG. 22, the
(that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the maximum amplitude which corresponds to specified ones of
receiver as a pilot symbol for estimating an amplitude distor the signal points is equal to the value given by the expression
tion amount and a frequency offset amount. It should be noted 30 (10). In addition, the distances between the neighboring sig
that every pilot symbol also carries a part of the main infor nal points are equal to a same value given by "2r.
mation to be transmitted. A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the
In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG.
symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q 1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the
signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame 35 transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N
and symbol Sync signal) having a period corresponding to N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural
symbols. The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the
amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the cal QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result
culator 26 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the 16-value QAM. The first symbol in every frame (that
from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in 40 is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the receiver as
response to a signal (a frame and symbol sync signal) having a pilot symbol for estimating an amplitude distortion amount
a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator 26 esti and a frequency offset amount. It should be noted that every
mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot pilot symbol also carries a part of the main information to be
symbols. transmitted.
Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the 2'- 45 In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot
value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (7), is symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q
equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modula signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame
tion. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the and symbol Sync signal) having a period corresponding to N
frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated. symbols. The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion
The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG. 50 amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the cal
3) is designed to implement the following processes. The culator 26 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames)
quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in
signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and response to a signal (a frame and symbol sync signal) having
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator 26 esti
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent 55 mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot
a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects symbols.
the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 2"-value Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the
QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-demodulation 16-value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (10),
resultant digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the is equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modu
RF portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a 60 lation. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the
pilot symbol. frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated.
The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG.
Eighth Embodiment 3) is designed to implement the following processes. The
quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q
An eighth embodiment of this invention is similar to the 65 signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and
seventh embodiment thereof except that 16-value QAM outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal
replaces 2"-value QAM. when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent
 US RE45,037 E
21 22
a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects tion. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the
the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 16-value frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated.
QAM demodulation and the QAM-demodulation-resultant The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG.
digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF 3) is designed to implement the following processes. The
portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q
symbol. signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and
In general, the inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal
QPSK modulation is equal to a given value times the inter when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent
signal-point distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. Preferably, a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects
the given value is in the range of 0.90 to 1.50. In this case, a 10 the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 2"-value
sufficiently low bit error rate is provided. QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-demodulation
The inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modu resultant digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the
lation may be equal to “V2p' times the inter-signal-point RF portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a
pilot symbol.
distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. In this case, it is prefer 15
able that the quasi Synchronous detector in the receiver Tenth Embodiment
detects the I-Q-plane amplitude of the output I and Q signals
of the RF portion when the output I and Q signals of the RF A tenth embodiment of this invention is similar to the ninth
portion 22 represent a pilot symbol, and that the detected embodiment thereof except that 16-value QAM replaces 2"-
I-Q-plane amplitude is used as an I-Q-plane amplitude value QAM.
threshold value for the 16-value QAM demodulation. According to the tenth embodiment of this invention, a
modulator (a quadrature baseband modulator) in a transmitter
Ninth Embodiment includes a 16-value QAM modulator instead of the 2"-value
QAM modulator 12H (see FIG. 23). The 16-value QAM
A ninth embodiment of this invention is similar to the 25 modulator implements 16-value QAM providing signal
seventh embodiment thereof except for design changes indi points which are arranged in an I-Q plane as shown in FIG.22.
cated hereinafter. According to the tenth embodiment of this invention, a quasi
As shown in FIG. 23, a modulator (a quadrature baseband synchronous detector in a receiver includes a 16-value QAM
modulator) in a transmitter in the ninth embodiment of this demodulatorinstead of the 2"-value QAM demodulator 29F
invention includes a QPSK modulator 12G instead of the 30 (see FIG. 24). The 16-value QAM demodulator implements
QPSK modulator 12B (see FIG. 19). The QPSK modulator demodulation inverse with respect to the modulation by the
12G implements QPSK modulation providing signal points 16-value QAM modulator.
which are arranged in an I-Q plane as shown in FIG. 15. A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the
As shown in FIG. 24, a quasi Synchronous detector in a quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG.
receiver in the ninth embodiment of this invention includes a 35 1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the
QPSK demodulator 29E instead of the QPSK demodulator transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N
29B (see FIG. 20). The QPSK demodulator 29E implements successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural
demodulation inverse with respect to the modulation by the number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the
QPSK modulator 12G. QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result
A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the 40 from the 16-value QAM. The first symbol in every frame (that
quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG. is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the receiver as
1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the a pilot symbol for estimating an amplitude distortion amount
transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N and a frequency offset amount. It should be noted that every
successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural pilot symbol also carries a part of the main information to be
number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the 45 transmitted.
QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot
from the 2"-value QAM. The first symbol in every frame symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q
(that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame
receiver as a pilot symbol for estimating an amplitude distor and symbol Sync signal) having a period corresponding to N
tion amount and a frequency offset amount. It should be noted 50 symbols. The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion
that every pilot symbol also carries a part of the main infor amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the cal
mation to be transmitted. culator 26 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames)
In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in
symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q response to a signal (a frame and symbol sync signal) having
signals of the RF portion 22 in response to a signal (a frame 55 a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator 26 esti
and symbol Sync signal) having a period corresponding to N mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot
symbols. The calculator 25 estimates an amplitude distortion symbols.
amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the cal Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the
culator 26 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) 16-value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (10),
from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in 60 is equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modu
response to a signal (a frame and symbol sync signal) having lation. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the
a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator 26 esti frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated.
mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG.
symbols. 3) is designed to implement the following processes. The
Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the 2"- 65 quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q
value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (7), is signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and
equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modula outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal
 US RE45,037 E
23 24
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF
a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot
the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 16-value symbol.
QAM demodulation and the QAM-demodulation-resultant In general, the inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the
digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF QPSK modulation is equal to a given value times the inter
portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot signal-point distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. Preferably,
symbol. the given value is in the range of 0.90 to 1.50. In this case, a
In general, the inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the sufficiently low bit error rate is provided.
QPSK modulation is equal to a given value times the inter With reference to FIG. 26, in the case where the inter
signal-point distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. Preferably, 10 signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modulation is equal
the given value is in the range of 0.90 to 1.50. In this case, a to 1.20 times the inter-signal-point distance 2r in the
sufficiently low bit error rate is provided. 16-value QAM, the bit error rate provided in the embodiment
The inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modu of this invention decreases along the curve A0 as the carrier
lation may be equal to twice the inter-signal-point distance to-noise power ratio C/N increases. FIG. 26 also indicates a
15 comparative example being the relation B0 between the bit
“2r in the 16-value QAM. In this case, it is preferable that the error rate and the carrier-to-noise power ratio C/N which
quasi Synchronous detector in the receiver detects the I-Q- occurs in a prior-art 8PSK (8 or octonary phase shift keying)
plane amplitude of the output I and Q signals of the RF system. As shown in FIG. 26, the bit error rate (the curve A0)
portion when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 provided in the embodiment of this invention is better than
represent a pilot symbol, and that the detected I-Q-plane that in the prior-art 8PSK system.
amplitude is used as an I-Q-plane amplitude threshold value The inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modu
for the 16-value QAM demodulation. lation may be equal to twice the inter-signal-point distance
“2r in the 16-value QAM. In this case, it is preferable that the
Eleventh Embodiment quasi Synchronous detector in the receiver detects the I-Q-
25 plane amplitude of the output I and Q signals of the RF
An eleventh embodiment of this invention is similar to the portion when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22
third embodiment thereof except for design changes indi represent a pilot symbol, and that the detected I-Q-plane
cated hereinafter. amplitude is used as an I-Q-plane amplitude threshold value
With reference to FIG. 25, a pair of the I signal and the Q for the 16-value QAM demodulation.
30
signal outputted from the quadrature baseband modulator in
the transmitter (see FIG. 1), or the RF signal outputted from Twelfth Embodiment
the RF portion in the transmitter is composed of a stream of A twelfth embodiment of this invention is similar to the
frames each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a sixth embodiment thereof except for design changes indi
predetermined natural number. In every frame, first alternate 35 cated hereinafter.
symbols result from the QPSK modulation, and second alter A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the
nate symbols result from the 16-value QAM. The QPSK quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG.
symbols in every frame are used by the receiver as pilot 1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the
symbols for estimating an amplitude distortion amount and a transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N
frequency offset amount. It should be noted that every pilot 40 successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural
symbol also carries a part of the main information to be number. In every frame, first alternate symbols result from the
transmitted. QPSK modulation, and second alternate symbols result from
In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot the 16-value QAM. The QPSK symbols in every frame are
symbols from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 used by the receiver as pilot symbols for estimating an ampli
in response to a signal (a 2-symbol sync signal) having a 45 tude distortion amount and a frequency offset amount. It
period corresponding to two symbols. The calculator 25 esti should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries a part of
mates an amplitude distortion amount from the separated the main information to be transmitted.
pilot symbols. Similarly, the calculator 26 separates pilot In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot
symbols from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 symbols from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22
in response to a signal (a 2-symbol sync signal) having a 50 in response to a signal (a 2-symbol sync signal) having a
period corresponding to 2 symbols. The calculator 26 esti period corresponding to two symbols. The calculator 25 esti
mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot mates an amplitude distortion amount from the separated
symbols. pilot symbols. Similarly, the calculator 26 separates pilot
Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the symbols from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22
16-value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (10), 55 in response to a signal (a 2-symbol sync signal) having a
is equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modu period corresponding to 2 symbols. The calculator 26 esti
lation. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot
frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated. symbols.
The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG. Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the
3) is designed to implement the following processes. The 60 16-value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (10),
quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q is equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modu
signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and lation. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated.
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG.
a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects 65 3) is designed to implement the following processes. The
the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 16-value quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q
QAM demodulation and the QAM-demodulation-resultant signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and
 US RE45,037 E
25 26
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal lation. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated.
a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG.
the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 16-value 3) is designed to implement the following processes. The
QAM demodulation and the QAM-demodulation-resultant quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q
digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and
portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal
symbol. when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent
In general, the inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects
QPSK modulation is equal to a given value times the inter 10 the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 16-value
signal-point distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. Preferably, QAM demodulation and the QAM-demodulation-resultant
the given value is in the range of 0.90 to 1.50. In this case, a digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF
sufficiently low bit error rate is provided. portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot
symbol.
With reference to FIG. 27, in the case where the inter 15 In general, the inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the
signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modulation is equal QPSK modulation is equal to a given value times the inter
to 1.20 times the inter-signal-point distance 2r in the signal-point distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. Preferably,
16-value QAM, the bit error rate provided in the embodiment the given value is in the range of 0.90 to 1.50. In this case, a
of this invention decreases along the curve A1 as the carrier sufficiently low bit error rate is provided.
to-noise power ratio C/N increases. FIG. 27 also indicates a With reference to FIG. 28, in the case where the inter
comparative example being the relation B1 between the bit signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modulation is equal
error rate and the carrier-to-noise power ratio C/N which to 1.20 times the inter-signal-point distance 2r in the
occurs in a prior-art 8PSK (8 or octonary phase shift keying) 16-value QAM, the bit error rate provided in the embodiment
system. As shown in FIG. 27, the bit error rate (the curve A1) of this invention decreases along the curve A2 as the carrier
provided in the embodiment of this invention is better than 25 to-noise power ratio C/N increases. FIG. 28 also indicates a
that in the prior-art 8PSK system. comparative example being the relation B2 between the bit
The inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modu error rate and the carrier-to-noise power ratio C/N which
lation may be equal to “V2 times the inter-signal-point dis occurs in a prior-art 8PSK (8 or octonary phase shift keying)
tance 2r in the 16-value QAM. In this case, it is preferable system. As shown in FIG. 28, the bit error rate (the curve A2)
that the quasi Synchronous detector in the receiver detects the 30 provided in the embodiment of this invention is better than
I-Q-plane amplitude of the output I and Q signals of the RF that in the prior-art 8PSK system.
portion when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 The inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modu
represent a pilot symbol, and that the detected I-Q-plane lation may be equal to “V2p” times the inter-signal-point
amplitude is used as an I-Q-plane amplitude threshold value distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. In this case, it is prefer
for the 16-value QAM demodulation. 35 able that the quasi Synchronous detector in the receiver
detects the I-Q-plane amplitude of the output I and Q signals
Thirteenth Embodiment of the RF portion when the output I and Q signals of the RF
portion 22 represent a pilot symbol, and that the detected
A thirteenth embodiment of this invention is similar to the I-Q-plane amplitude is used as an I-Q-plane amplitude
eighth embodiment thereof except for design changes indi 40 threshold value for the 16-value QAM demodulation.
cated hereinafter.
A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the Fourteenth Embodiment
quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG.
1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the A fourteenth embodiment of this invention is similar to the
transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N 45 tenth embodiment thereof except for design changes indi
successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural cated hereinafter.
number. In every frame, first alternate symbols result from the A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the
QPSK modulation, and second alternate symbols result from quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG.
the 16-value QAM. The QPSK symbols in every frame are 1), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the
used by the receiver as pilot symbols for estimating an ampli 50 transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N
tude distortion amount and a frequency offset amount. It successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural
should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries a part of number. In every frame, first alternate symbols result from the
the main information to be transmitted. QPSK modulation, and second alternate symbols result from
In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot the 16-value QAM. The QPSK symbols in every frame are
symbols from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 55 used by the receiver as pilot symbols for estimating an ampli
in response to a signal (a 2-symbol sync signal) having a tude distortion amount and a frequency offset amount. It
period corresponding to two symbols. The calculator 25 esti should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries a part of
mates an amplitude distortion amount from the separated the main information to be transmitted.
pilot symbols. Similarly, the calculator 26 separates pilot In the receiver (see FIG.3), the calculator 25 separates pilot
symbols from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 60 symbols from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22
in response to a signal (a 2-symbol sync signal) having a in response to a signal (a 2-symbol sync signal) having a
period corresponding to 2 symbols. The calculator 26 esti period corresponding to two symbols. The calculator 25 esti
mates a frequency offset amount from the separated pilot mates an amplitude distortion amount from the separated
symbols. pilot symbols.
Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the 65 Similarly, the calculator 26 separates pilot symbols from
16-value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (10), the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 in response to
is equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modu a signal (a 2-symbol sync signal) having a period correspond
 US RE45,037 E
27 28
ing to 2 symbols. The calculator 26 estimates a frequency As shown in FIG. 31, the quadrature baseband modulator
offset amount from the separated pilot symbols. 112 includes a 8PSK (8 or octonary phase shift keying) modu
Preferably, the maximum amplitude provided by the lator 112A, a BPSK (binary phase shift keying) modulator
16-value QAM, that is, the value given by the expression (10), 112B, a reference signal generator 112C, and switches 112D
is equal to the amplitude “p' provided by the QPSK modu and 112E.
lation. In this case, the amplitude distortion amount and the The 8PSK modulator 112A and the BPSK modulator 112B
frequency offset amount can be accurately estimated. receives the input digital signal. The device 112A subjects the
The quasi synchronous detector 29 in the receiver (see FIG. input digital signal to 8PSK (8PSK modulation), thereby
3) is designed to implement the following processes. The converting the input digital signal into a pair of a baseband I
quasi Synchronous detector 29 Subjects the output I and Q 10 signal and a baseband Q signal. The BPSK8PSK modulator
signals of the RF portion 22 to QPSK demodulation and 112A outputs the baseband I signal to the switch 112D. The
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal 8PSK modulator 112A outputs the baseband Q signal to the
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 represent switch 112E. The device 112B subjects the input digital sig
a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 29 subjects nal to BPSK (BPSK modulation), thereby converting the
15 input digital signal into a pair of a baseband I signal and a
the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 to 16-value baseband Q signal. The BPSK modulator 112B outputs the
QAM demodulation and the QAM-demodulation-resultant baseband I signal to the switch 112D. The BPSK modulator
digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF 112B outputs the baseband Q signal to the switch 112E. The
portion 22 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot reference signal generator 112C outputs a reference baseband
symbol. I signal to the switch 112D. The reference signal generator
In general, the inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the 112C outputs a reference baseband Q signal to the switch
QPSK modulation is equal to a given value times the inter 112E. The output I and Q signals from the reference signal
signal-point distance 2r in the 16-value QAM. Preferably, generator 112C are used in acquiring synchronization
the given value is in the range of 0.90 to 1.50. In this case, a between the transmitter 110 and a receiver during an initial
sufficiently low bit error rate is provided. 25 stage of signal transmission. The Switch 112D selects one of
With reference to FIG. 29, in the case where the inter the output I signal from the 8PSK modulator 112A, the output
signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modulation is equal I signal from the BPSK modulator 112B, and the output I
to 1.20 times the inter-signal-point distance 2r in the signal from the reference signal generator 112C, and trans
16-value QAM, the bit error rate provided in the embodiment mits the selected I signal to the RF portion 115. The switch
of this invention decreases along the curve A3 as the carrier 30 112E selects one of the output Q signal from the 8PSK modu
to-noise power ratio C/N increases. FIG. 29 also indicates a lator 112A, the output Q signal from the BPSK modulator
comparative example being the relation B3 between the bit 112B, and the output Q signal from the reference signal
error rate and the carrier-to-noise power ratio C/N which generator 112C, and transmits the selected Q signal to the RF
occurs in a prior-art 8PSK (8 or octonary phase shift keying) portion 115.
system. As shown in FIG. 29, the bit error rate (the curve A3) 35 During an initial stage of signal transmission, the Switch
provided in the embodiment of this invention is better than 112D selects the output I signal from the reference signal
that in the prior-art 8PSK system. generator 112C while the switch 112D selects the output Q
The inter-signal-point distance “V2p” in the QPSK modu signal from the reference signal generator 112C. During an
lation may be equal to twice the inter-signal-point distance interval of time which follows the initial stage, the switch
“2r in the 16-value QAM. In this case, it is preferable that the 40 112D alternately selects the output I signal from the 8PSK
quasi Synchronous detector in the receiver detects the I-Q- modulator 112A and the output I signal from the BPSK
plane amplitude of the output I and Q signals of the RF modulator 112B at a predetermined period, and transmits the
portion when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 22 selected I signal to the RF portion 115. During the time
represent a pilot symbol, and that the detected I-Q-plane interval following the initial stage, the switch 112E alter
amplitude is used as an I-Q-plane amplitude threshold value 45 nately selects the output Q signal from the 8PSK modulator
for the 16-value QAM demodulation. 112A and the output Q signal from the BPSK modulator 112B
at the predetermined period, and transmits the selected Q
Fifteenth Embodiment signal to the RF portion 115.
Accordingly, with respect to the input digital signal, the
FIG. 30 shows a transmitter 110 in a radio communication 50 quadrature baseband modulator 112 alternately implements
system according to a fifteenth embodiment of this invention. the 8PSK modulation and the BPSK modulation at the pre
With reference to FIG. 30, the transmitter 110 includes a determined period.
modulator (a quadrature baseband modulator) 112 and an RF In the quadrature baseband modulator 112, the output I and
(radio frequency) portion 115. Q signals from the BPSK modulator 112B are fed to the 8PSK
A digital signal to be transmitted (that is, an input digital 55 modulator 112A. The 8PSK modulation implemented by the
signal or main information to be transmitted) is fed to the device 112A depends on the output I and Q signals from the
quadrature baseband modulator 112. The device 112 subjects BPSK modulator 112B.
the input digital signal to quadrature baseband modulation, FIG. 32 shows a receiver 120 in the radio communication
thereby converting the input digital signal into a pair of modu system according to the fifteenth embodiment of this inven
lation-resultant baseband signals, that is, a baseband I (in 60 tion. With reference to FIG. 32, the receiver 120 includes an
phase) signal and a baseband Q (quadrature) signal. The RF portion 122, calculators 125 and 126, and a quasi synchro
quadrature baseband modulator 112 outputs the baseband I nous detector 129.
signal and the baseband Q signal to the RF portion 115. An RF signal caught by an antenna 121 is applied to the RF
The RF portion 115 converts the baseband I signal and the portion 122. The RF portion 122 subjects the applied RF
baseband Q signal into an RF signal through frequency con 65 signal to frequency conversion, thereby converting the
version. The RF portion 115 feeds the RF signal to an antenna applied RF signal into a pair of a baseband I signal and a
117. The RF signal is radiated by the antenna 117. baseband Q signal. The RF portion 122 outputs the baseband
 US RE45,037 E
29 30
I signal and the baseband Q signal to the calculators 125 and frequency offset of the first compensation-resultant baseband
126, and the quasi synchronous detector 129. I signal and the first compensation-resultant baseband Q sig
The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude distortion nal in response to the estimated frequency offset amount,
amount from the baseband I signal and the baseband Q signal. thereby generating a second compensation-resultant base
The calculator 125 informs the quasi synchronous detector band I signal and a second compensation-resultant baseband
129 of the estimated amplitude distortion amount. The calcu Q signal. In the 8PSK demodulator 129A, the second com
lator 126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the base pensation-resultant baseband I signal and the second com
band I signal and the baseband Q signal. The calculator 126 pensation-resultant baseband Q signal are Subjected to the
informs the quasi synchronous detector 129 of the estimated 8PSK demodulation, being converted into the original digital
frequency offset amount. 10 signal.
The device 129 subjects the baseband I signal and the For example, the BPSK demodulator 129B includes an
baseband Q signal to quasi Synchronous detection responsive amplitude correction circuit and a frequency correction cir
to the estimated amplitude distortion amount and the esti cuit. The amplitude correction circuit compensates for an
mated frequency offset amount, thereby demodulating the amplitude distortion of the baseband I signal and the base
baseband I signal and the baseband Q signal into an original 15 band Q signal in response to the estimated amplitude distor
digital signal. Thus, the quasi Synchronous detector 129 tion, thereby generating a first compensation-resultant base
recovers the original digital signal from the baseband I signal band I signal and a first compensation-resultant baseband Q
and the baseband Q signal. The quasi Synchronous detector signal. The frequency correction circuit compensates for a
129 outputs the recovered original digital signal. frequency offset of the first compensation-resultant baseband
As shown in FIG. 33, the quasi synchronous detector 129 I signal and the first compensation-resultant baseband Q sig
includes an 8PSK demodulator 129A, a BPSK demodulator nal in response to the estimated frequency offset amount,
129B, and a switch 129C. thereby generating a second compensation-resultant base
The 8PSK demodulator 129A and the BPSK demodulator band I signal and a second compensation-resultant baseband
129B receive the output I and Q signals from the RF portion Q signal. In the BPSK demodulator 129B, the second com
122. In addition, the 8PSK demodulator 129A and the BPSK 25 pensation-resultant baseband I signal and the second com
demodulator 129B are informed of the estimated amplitude pensation-resultant baseband Q signal are Subjected to the
distortion amount and the estimated frequency offset amount BPSK demodulation, being converted into the original digital
by the calculators 125 and 126. signal.
The device 129A subjects the baseband I signal and the FIG. 34 shows an arrangement of 8 signal points in an I-Q
baseband Q signal to 8PSK demodulation responsive to the 30 plane which are provided by the 8PSK modulation. In FIG.
estimated amplitude distortion amount and the estimated fre 34, the 8 signal points are denoted by the reference numeral
quency offset amount, thereby demodulating the baseband I “101A'. The 8 signal points are assigned to 8 different levels
signal and the baseband Q signal into an original digital (8 different logic states) respectively. The positions (Iss,
signal. Thus, the 8PSK demodulator 129A recovers the origi Qss) of the 8 signal points are given by the following
nal digital signal from the baseband I signal and the baseband 35 equations.
Q signal. The 8PSK demodulator 129A outputs the recovered
original digital signal to the switch 129C.
The device 129B subjects the baseband I signal and the I
8PSK : FP cos
kit (17)
baseband Q signal to BPSK demodulation responsive to the
estimated amplitude distortion amount and the estimated fre 40
(18)
quency offset amount, thereby demodulating the baseband I
signal and the baseband Q signal into an original digital
Qrix = p sin(i)
8PSK = p S1 4.

signal. Thus, the BPSK demodulator 129B recovers the origi

nal digital signal from the baseband I signal and the baseband where “k” denotes a variable integer, and “p' denotes a pre
Q signal. The BPSK demodulator 129B outputs the recovered 45 determined constant.
original digital signal to the switch 129C. FIG. 35 shows an arrangement of two signal points in an
The switch 129C alternately selects the output digital sig I-Q plane which are provided by the BPSK modulation. In
nal from the 8PSK demodulator 129A and the output digital FIG. 35, the signal points are denoted by the reference
signal from the BPSK demodulator 129B in response to a numeral “201A. The positions (Is Qs) of the signal
timing signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal), and transmits 50 points are given by the following equations.
the selected digital signal to a later stage. When the baseband IPsko'cos(kJ) (19)
I and Q signals outputted from the RF portion 122 to the quasi
synchronous detector 129 correspond to a result of the 8PSK Qapsk q sin(kJ) (20)
modulation, the switch 129C selects the output digital signal
from the 8PSK demodulator 129A. When the baseband I and 55 where “k” denotes a variable integer, and “q denotes a pre
Q signals outputted from the RF portion 122 to the quasi determined constant. With reference to FIG. 35, the signal
synchronous detector 129 correspond to a result of the BPSK points are on the I axis, and correspond to a same amplitude
modulation, the switch 129C selects the output digital signal given by the constant “q. In addition, the signal points are
from the BPSK demodulator 129B. spaced at an angle of tradian. Accordingly, a BPSK modu
For example, the 8PSK demodulator 129A includes an 60 lation-resultant signal is Suited for detecting an amplitude
amplitude correction circuit and a frequency correction cir distortion and a frequency offset.
cuit. The amplitude correction circuit compensates for an With reference to FIG. 36, a pair of the I signal and the Q
amplitude distortion of the baseband I signal and the base signal outputted from the quadrature baseband modulator 112
band Q signal in response to the estimated amplitude distor in the transmitter 110, or the RF signal outputted from the RF
tion, thereby generating a first compensation-resultant base 65 portion 115 in the transmitter 110 is composed of a stream of
band I signal and a first compensation-resultant baseband Q frames each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a
signal. The frequency correction circuit compensates for a predetermined natural number. In every frame, the first sym
 US RE45,037 E
31 32
bol results from the BPSK modulation, and the second and of the logic states to the signal points on the basis of the signal
later symbols result from the 8PSK modulation. The first point used by the BPSK symbol. The signal point used by the
symbol in every frame (that is, the BPSK symbol in every BPSK symbol is represented by a pair of BPSK-modulation
frame) is used by the receiver 120 as a pilot symbol for resultant I and Q signals fed from the BPSK modulator 112B.
estimating an amplitude distortion amount and a frequency In the case where a signal point 501 on the positive side of the
offset amount. It should be noted that every pilot symbol also I axis is used by a BPSK symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A
carries a part of the main information to be transmitted. assigns 3-bit sets of “000”, “001, “010”, “011”, “100,
In the receiver 120, the calculator 125 separates pilot sym “101, “110”, and “111 in the input digital signal to eight
bols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and Q signals signal points 502 for following symbols as shown in FIG.38.
of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a frame and 10 In the case where a signal point 501 on the negative side of the
symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding to N I axis is used by a BPSK symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A
symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude distor assigns 3-bit sets of “000”, “001, “010”, “011”, “100,
tion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Similarly, the “101, “110”, and “111 in the input digital signal to eight
calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols in signal points 502 for following symbols as shown in FIG. 39.
frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 15
in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal) Sixteenth Embodiment
having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator
126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated A sixteenth embodiment of this invention is similar to the
pilot symbols. fifteenth embodiment thereof except for design changes indi
The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver 120 is cated hereinafter.
designed to implement the following processes. The quasi As shown in FIG. 40, a modulator (a quadrature baseband
synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and Q signals modulator) in a transmitter in the sixteenth embodiment of
of the RF portion 122 to the BPSK demodulation and outputs this invention includes a 2"-value QAM (quadrature ampli
the BPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal when the tude modulation) modulator 112F instead of the 8PSK modu
output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 represent a pilot 25 lator 112A (see FIG. 31). Here, “m' denotes a predetermined
symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the integer equal to or greater than 2.
output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to the 8PSK As shown in FIG. 41, a quasi Synchronous detector in a
demodulation and outputs the 8PSK-demodulation-resultant receiver in the sixteenth embodiment of this invention
digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the RF includes a 2"-value QAM demodulator 129D instead of the
portion 122 represent a normal symbol different from a pilot 30 8PSK demodulator 129A (see FIG.33). The 2"-value QAM
symbol. demodulator 129D implements demodulation inverse with
The BPSK modulator 112B in the quadrature baseband respect to the modulation by the QAM modulator 112F.
modulator 112 of the transmitter 110 is designed to imple FIG. 42 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q
ment processes indicated below. The phase of an i-th BPSK plane which are provided by 2"-value QAM executed in the
symbol in the I-Q plane is denoted by "p,”, and the phase of an 35 QAM modulator 112F. In FIG. 42, the signal points are
(i+1)-th BPSK symbol in the I-Q plane is denoted by “p,” denoted by the reference numeral "601A’. The signal points
The BPSK modulator 112B determines the phase “0” of are assigned to different values (different logic states) respec
the (i+1)-th BPSK symbol in an x-y plane on the basis of the tively. The positions (Io, Qot) of the signal points are
difference between the phases “p, and "p,” according to given by the following equations.
the following equation. 40

6, 1-p,1-p,(mod. 2JI) (21)

The BPSK modulator 112B implements BPSK modulation
providing two signal points which are respectively on the where “m' denotes a predetermined integer equal to or
positive side and the negative side of the X axis in the x-y plane 45 greater than 2: (a1, b1), (a2, b2). . . . . (am, bm) are binary
as shown in FIG.37. The BPSK modulator 112B assigns a bit code words of “1” and “-1'; and “r” denotes a predetermined
of “0” and a bit of “1” in the input digital signal to the positive COnStant.
signal point and the negative signal point, respectively. An example of the 2"-value QAM executed in the QAM
Accordingly, a bit of “0” corresponds to the absence of a modulator 112F is 16-value QAM. FIG. 43 shows an arrange
phase change of tradian between two successively symbols 50 ment of signal points in an I-Q plane which are provided by
while a bit of “1” corresponds to the presence of a phase the 16-value QAM. In FIG. 43, the signal points are denoted
change of tradian between two Successively symbols as in by the reference numeral “701. The signal points are
differential phase shift keying (DPSK). The BPSK modulator assigned to different values (different logic states) respec
112B outputs a pair of modulation-resultant I and Q signals to tively. The positions (Isou, Qigou) of the signal points are
the Switches 112D and 112E. The BPSK modulator 112B 55 given by the following equations.
includes a latch or a register for sampling and holding a pair
of modulation-resultant I and Q signals which are selected by Isolar-s(2'al+2'a2) (24)
the Switches 112D and 112E. The modulation-resultant I and
Q signals held by the latch or the register are periodically Q1624-s(2'b1+2"b2) (25)
updated. The BPSK modulator 112B outputs a pair of held 60 where (a1, b1) and (a2, b2) are binary code words of “1” and
modulation-resultant I and Q signals to the 8PSK modulator “-1, and 's' denotes a predetermined constant.
112A. With reference to FIG. 44, a pair of the I signal and the Q
As previously indicated, the 8PSK modulation imple signal outputted from the quadrature baseband modulator in
mented by the 8PSK modulator 112A provides 8 different the transmitter (see FIG. 30), or the RF signal outputted from
signal points to which 8 different logic states are assigned 65 the RF portion in the transmitter is composed of a stream of
respectively. For symbols following a BPSK symbol in every frames each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a
frame, the 8PSK modulator 112A determines the assignment predetermined natural number. In every frame, the first sym
 US RE45,037 E
33 34
bol results from the BPSK modulation, and the second and demodulator 129E implements demodulation inverse with
later symbols result from the 16-value QAM. The first symbol respect to the modulation by the QAM modulator 112G.
in every frame (that is, the BPSK symbol in every frame) is FIG. 49 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q
used by the receiver as a pilot symbol for estimating an plane which are provided by 2"-value QAM executed in the
amplitude distortion amount and a frequency offset amount. 5 QAM modulator 112G. In FIG. 49, the signal points are
It should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries a part of denoted by the reference numeral “1001A. The signal points
the main information to be transmitted. are assigned to different logic values respectively. The posi
In the receiver (see FIG. 32), the calculator 125 separates tions of the signal points in FIG. 49 result from rotation of the
pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and 10
signal points in FIG. 42 through an angle of U/4 radian about
Q signals of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a the origin. Specifically, the positions (Iour. Quar) of the
frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding signal points in FIG. 49 are given by the following equations.
to N symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude
distortion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Simi
larly, the calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols (26)
in frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion
15 Ioastr = loss (cos(+1)-Qowksin +.)
122 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal) QoAMR = loss (sin -- ') + QoAM (cost -- ') (27)
having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator
126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated
pilot symbols. where “n” denotes an integer, and (Io, Qot) are given by
The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver (see the equations (22) and (23).
FIG. 32) is designed to implement the following processes. An example of the 2"-value QAM executed in the QAM
The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and modulator 112G is 16-value QAM. FIG. 50 shows an
Q signals of the RF portion 122 to BPSK demodulation and arrangement of signal points in an I-Q plane which are pro
outputs the BPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal 25
vided by the 16-value QAM. In FIG.50, the signal points are
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 repre denoted by the reference numeral “1101. The signal points
sent a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129 are assigned to different logic States (different values) respec
subjects the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to tively. The positions of the signal points in FIG.50 result from
16-value QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-de rotation of the signal points in FIG. 43 through an angle of L/4
modulation-resultant digital signal when the output I and Q 30
radian about the origin. Specifically, the positions (Igor,
signals of the RF portion 122 represent a normal symbol Qigour) of the signal points in FIG. 50 are given by the
different from a pilot symbol. following equations.
The 16-value QAM implemented by the 16-value QAM
modulator 112A provides 16 different signal points to which
16 different logic states are assigned respectively. For sym 35
bols following a BPSK symbol in every frame, the 16-value I16QAMR = Isoas (costi -- ') Qigou (sin -- ') (28)
QAM modulator 112A determines the assignment of the
logic stages to the signal points on the basis of the signal point Q16QAMR = I16QAM (sin -- ') + Q16QAM (cost -- ') (29)
used by the BPSK symbol. The signal point used by the BPSK
symbol is represented by a pair of BPSK-modulation-result 40
ant I and Q signals fed from the BPSK modulator 112B. In the where “n” denotes an integer, and (Isou, Qigo) are given
case where a signal point 901A on the positive side of the I by the equations (24) and (25).
axis is used by a BPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the
112A assigns 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010, . . . . quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG.
*1110, and “1111 in the input digital signal to 16 signal 45 30), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the
points 902 for following symbols as shown in FIG. 45. In the transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N
case where a signal point 901A on the negative side of the I successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural
axis is used by a BPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the
112A assigns 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010, . . . . BPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result
*1110, and “1111 in the input digital signal to 16 signal 50 from the 16-value QAM. The first symbol in every frame (that
points 902 for following symbols as shown in FIG. 46. is, the BPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the receiver as
a pilot symbol for estimating an amplitude distortion amount
Seventeenth Embodiment and a frequency offset amount. It should be noted that every
pilot symbol also carries a part of the main information to be
A seventeenth embodiment of this invention is similar to 55 transmitted.
the fifteenth embodiment thereof except for design changes In the receiver (see FIG. 32), the calculator 125 separates
indicated hereinafter. pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and
As shown in FIG. 47, a modulator (a quadrature baseband Q signals of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a
modulator) in a transmitter in the seventeenth embodiment of frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding
this invention includes a 2"-value QAM (quadrature ampli 60 to N symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude
tude modulation) modulator 112G instead of the 8PSK modu distortion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Simi
lator 112A (see FIG. 31). Here, “m' denotes a predetermined larly, the calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols
integer equal to or greater than 2. in frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion
As shown in FIG. 48, a quasi Synchronous detector in a 122 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal)
receiver in the seventeenth embodiment of this invention 65 having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator
includes a 2"-value QAM demodulator 129E instead of the 126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated
8PSK demodulator 129A (see FIG.33). The 2"-value QAM pilot symbols.
 US RE45,037 E
35 36
The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver (see more, the signal points are spaced at equal angular intervals.
FIG. 32) is designed to implement the following processes. Accordingly, a QPSK modulation-resultant signal is Suited
The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and for detecting an amplitude distortion and a frequency offset.
Q signals of the RF portion 122 to BPSK demodulation and With reference to FIG. 56, a pair of the I signal and the Q
outputs the BPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal signal outputted from the quadrature baseband modulator in
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 repre the transmitter (see FIG. 30), or the RF signal outputted from
sent a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129 the RF portion in the transmitter is composed of a stream of
subjects the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to frames each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a
16-value QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-de predetermined natural number. In every frame, the first sym
modulation-resultant digital signal when the output I and Q 10 bol results from the QPSK modulation, and the second and
signals of the RF portion 122 represent a normal symbol later symbols result from the 8PSK modulation. The first
different from a pilot symbol. symbol in every frame (that is, the QPSK symbol in every
The 16-value QAM implemented by the 16-value QAM frame) is used by the receiver (see FIG. 32) as a pilot symbol
modulator 112G provides 16 different signal points to which for estimating an amplitude distortion amount and a fre
16 different logic states are assigned respectively. For sym 15 quency offset amount. It should be noted that every pilot
bols following a BPSK symbol in every frame, the 16-value symbol also carries a part of the main information to be
QAM modulator 112G determines the assignment of the transmitted.
logic states to the signal points on the basis of the signal point In the receiver (see FIG. 32), the calculator 125 separates
used by the BPSK symbol. The signal point used by the BPSK pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and
symbol is represented by a pair of BPSK-modulation-result Q signals of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a
ant I and Q signals fed from the BPSK modulator 112B. In the frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding
case where a signal point 1201 on the positive side of the Iaxis to N symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude
is used by a BPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator distortion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Simi
112G assigns 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010, . . . . larly, the calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols
*1110, and “1111 in the input digital signal to 16 signal 25 in frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion
points 1202 for following symbols as shown in FIG. 51. In the 122 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal)
case where a signal point 1201 on the negative side of the I having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator
axis is used by a BPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated
112G assigns 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010, . . . . pilot symbols.
*1110, and “1111 in the input digital signal to 16 signal 30 The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver (see
points 1202 for following symbols as shown in FIG. 52. FIG. 32) is designed to implement the following processes.
The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and
Eighteenth Embodiment Q signals of the RF portion 122 to QPSK demodulation and
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal
An eighteenth embodiment of this invention is similar to 35 when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 repre
the fifteenth embodiment thereof except for design changes sent a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129
indicated hereinafter. subjects the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to
As shown in FIG. 53, a modulator (a quadrature baseband 8PSK demodulation and outputs the 8PSK-demodulation
modulator) in a transmitter in the eighteenth embodiment of resultant digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the
this invention includes a QPSK (quadrature phase shift key 40 RF portion 122 represent a normal symbol different from a
ing) modulator 112H instead of the BPSK modulator 112B pilot symbol.
(see FIG. 31). The QPSK modulator 112H in the quadrature baseband
As shown in FIG. 54, a quasi Synchronous detector in a modulator 112 of the transmitter is designed to implement
receiver in the eighteenth embodiment of this invention processes indicated below. The phase of an i-th QPSK symbol
includes a QPSK demodulator 129F instead of the BPSK 45 in the I-Q plane is denoted by “p,”, and the phase of an
demodulator 129B (see FIG. 33). The QPSK demodulator (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in the I-Q plane is denoted by "(p.”
129F implements demodulation inverse with respect to the The QPSK modulator 112H determines the phase “0” of
modulation by the QPSK modulator 112H. the (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in an x-y plane on the basis of the
FIG.55 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q difference between the phases “p, and “p, according to
plane which are provided by the QPSK modulation executed 50 the following equation.
in the QPSK modulator 112H. In FIG.55, the signal points 6, 1-p,1-p,(mod. 2JI) (32)
are denoted by the reference numeral “1301. The positions
(Iorsk, Qorsk) of the signal points are given by the following The QPSK modulator 112H implements QPSK modulation
equations. providing four signal points which are respectively on the
55 positive side of the X axis, the negative side of the X axis, the
positive side of the y axis, and the negative side of they axis
in the x-y plane as shown in FIG. 57. The QPSK modulator
IoPSK = u(cos(cos() sini sin() (30) 112H assigns 2-bit sets of “00”, “01”, “10, and “11” to the
positive-X signal point, the positive-y signal point, the nega
QopSK = u(cos(sin() -- sini cos() (31) 60 tive-y signal point, and the negative-X signal point, respec
tively. Accordingly, a 2-bit set of "00' corresponds to the
absence of any phase change between two Successive sym
where “k” denotes a variable integer, and “u' denotes a pre bols. A 2-bit set of “01” corresponds to the presence of a phase
determined constant. With reference to FIG.55, all the signal change of L/2 radian between two successive symbols. A2-bit
points correspond to a same amplitude given by the constant 65 set of “11” corresponds to the presence of a phase change of
“u'. In addition, all the distances between the neighboring It radian between two successive symbols. A 2-bit set of “10
signal points are equal to a same value given by V2u. Further corresponds to the presence of a phase change of 37L/2 radian
 US RE45,037 E
37 38
between two successive symbols. The QPSK modulator the 16-value QAM. The first symbol in every frame (that is,
112H outputs a pair of modulation-resultant I and Q signals to the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the receiver (see
the switches 112D and 112E. The QPSK modulator 112H FIG. 32) as a pilot symbol for estimating an amplitude dis
includes a latch or a register for sampling and holding a pair tortion amount and a frequency offset amount. It should be
of modulation-resultant I and Q signals which are selected by noted that every pilot symbol also carries a part of the main
the Switches 112D and 112E. The modulation-resultant I and information to be transmitted.
Q signals held by the latch or the register are periodically In the receiver (see FIG. 32), the calculator 125 separates
updated. The QPSK modulator 112H outputs a pair of held pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and
modulation-resultant I and Q signals to the 8PSK modulator Q signals of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a
112A. 10 frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding
The 8PSK modulation implemented by the 8PSK modula to N symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude
tor 112A provides 8 different signal points to which 8 differ distortion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Simi
ent logic states are assigned respectively. For symbols follow larly, the calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols
ing a QPSK symbol in every frame, the 8PSK modulator in frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion
112A determines the assignment of the logic states to the 15 122 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal)
signal points on the basis of the signal point used by the QPSK having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator
symbol. The signal point used by the QPSK symbol is repre 126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated
sented by a pair of QPSK-modulation-resultant I and Q sig pilot symbols.
nals fed from the QPSK modulator 112H. In the case where a The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver (see
positive-I positive-Q signal point 1601 is used by a QPSK FIG. 32) is designed to implement the following processes.
symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A assigns 3-bit sets of The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and
“000”, “001, “010, “011”, “100”, “101*, *110, and “111 Q signals of the RF portion 122 to QPSK demodulation and
in the input digital signal to eight signal points 1602 for outputs the QPSK demodulation-resultant digital signal
following symbols as shown in FIG. 58. In the case where a when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 repre
negative-I positive-Q signal point 1601 is used by a QPSK 25 sent a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129
symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A assigns 3-bit sets of subjects the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to
“000”, “001, “010, “011”, “100”, “101*, *110, and “111 2"-value QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-de
in the input digital signal to eight signal points 1602 for modulation-resultant digital signal when the output I and Q
following symbols as shown in FIG. 59. In the case where a signals of the RF portion 122 represent a normal symbol
negative-I negative-Q signal point 1601 is used by a QPSK 30 different from a pilot symbol.
symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A assigns 3-bit sets of The QPSK modulator 112H in the quadrature baseband
“000”, “001, “010, “011, “100”, “101, “110”, and “111 modulator 112 of the transmitter is designed to implement
in the input digital signal to eight signal points 1602 for processes indicated below. The phase of an i-th QPSK symbol
following symbols as shown in FIG. 60. In the case where a in the I-Q plane is denoted by “p,”, and the phase of an
positive-I negative-Q signal point 1601 is used by a QPSK 35 (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in the I-Q plane is denoted by "p,”
symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A assigns 3-bit sets of The QPSK modulator 112H determines the phase “0” of
“000”, “001, “010, “011”, “100”, “101*, *110, and “111 the (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in an x-y plane on the basis of the
in the input digital signal to eight signal points 1602 for difference between the phases “p, and "p,” according to
following symbols as shown in FIG. 61. the equation (32). The QPSK modulator 112H implements
40 QPSK modulation providing four signal points which are
Nineteenth Embodiment respectively on the positive side of the X axis, the negative side
of the X axis, the positive side of the y axis, and the negative
A nineteenth embodiment of this invention is similar to the side of the y axis in the x-y plane as shown in FIG. 57. The
sixteenth embodiment thereof except for design changes indi QPSK modulator 112Hassigns 2-bit sets of “00”, “01”, “10,
cated hereinafter. 45 and “11” to the positive-X signal point, the positive-y signal
As shown in FIG. 62, a modulator (a quadrature baseband point, the negative-y signal point, and the negative-X signal
modulator) in a transmitter in the nineteenth embodiment of point, respectively. The QPSK modulator 112H outputs a pair
this invention includes a QPSK modulator 112H instead of of modulation-resultant I and Q signals to the switches 112D
the BPSK modulator 112B (see FIG. 40). and 112E. The QPSK modulator 112H includes a latch or a
As shown in FIG. 63, a quasi Synchronous detector in a 50 register for sampling and holding a pair of modulation-result
receiver in the nineteenth embodiment of this invention ant I and Q signals which are selected by the switches 112D
includes a QPSK demodulator 129F instead of the BPSK and 112E. The modulation-resultant I and Q signals held by
demodulator 129B (see FIG. 41). The QPSK demodulator the latch or the register are periodically updated. The QPSK
129F implements demodulation inverse with respect to the modulator 112H outputs a pair of held modulation-resultant I
modulation by the QPSK modulator 112H. 55 and Q signals to the 2"-value QAM modulator 112F.
The QPSK modulator 112H implements QPSK modula An example of the modulation implemented by the 2'-
tion providing signal points which are arranged in an I-Q value QAM modulator 112F is the 16-value QAM. The
plane as shown in FIG.55. The positions (Iorsk, Qorsk) of 16-value QAM by the 2"-value QAM modulator 112F pro
the signal points are given by the equations (30) and (31). vides 16 different signal points to which 16 different logic
With reference to FIG. 64, a pair of the I signal and the Q 60 states are assigned respectively. For symbols following a
signal outputted from the quadrature baseband modulator in QPSK symbol in every frame, the 16-value QAM modulator
the transmitter (see FIG. 30), or the RF signal outputted from 112F determines the assignment of the logic states to the
the RF portion in the transmitter is composed of a stream of signal points on the basis of the signal point used by the QPSK
frames each having N successive symbols. Here, N denotes a symbol. The signal point used by the QPSK symbol is repre
predetermined natural number. In every frame, the first sym 65 sented by a pair of QPSK-modulation-resultant I and Q sig
bol results from the QPSK modulation, and the second and nals fed from the QPSK modulator 112H. In the case where a
later symbols result from the 2"-value QAM, for example, positive-I positive-Q signal point 1801 is used by a QPSK
 US RE45,037 E
39 40
symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112F assigns 4-bit sets amplitude distortion amount and a frequency offset amount.
of “0000”, “0001, “0010, ..., “1110, and “1111 in the It should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries a part of
input digital signal to sixteen signal points 1802 for following the main information to be transmitted.
symbols as shown in FIG. 65. In the case where a negative-I In the receiver (see FIG. 32), the calculator 125 separates
positive-Q signal point 1801 is used by a QPSK symbol, the pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and
16-value QAM modulator 112F assigns 4-bit sets of "0000. Q signals of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a
“0001, “0010, ..., “1110”, and “1111 in the input digital frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding
signal to sixteen signal points 1802 for following symbols as to N symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude
shown in FIG. 66. In the case where a negative-I negative-Q distortion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Simi
signal point 1801 is used by a QPSK symbol, the 16-value 10 larly, the calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols
QAM modulator 112F assigns 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001’, in frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion
“0010,..., “1110, and “1111” in the input digital signal to 122 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal)
having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator
sixteen signal points 1802 for following symbols as shown in 126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated
FIG. 67. In the case where a positive-I negative-Q signal point 15 pilot symbols.
1801 is used by a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modu The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver (see
lator 112F assigns 4-bit sets of "0000”, “0001”, “0010, ..., FIG. 32) is designed to implement the following processes.
*1110, and “1111 in the input digital signal to sixteen signal The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and
points 1802 for following symbols as shown in FIG. 68. Q signals of the RF portion 122 to QPSK demodulation and
Twentieth Embodiment outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 repre
A twentieth embodiment of this invention is similar to the sent a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129
fifteenth embodiment thereof except for design changes indi subjects the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to
cated hereinafter. 8PSK demodulation and outputs the 8PSK-demodulation
As shown in FIG. 69, a modulator (a quadrature baseband
25 resultant digital signal when the output I and Q signals of the
modulator) in a transmitter in the twentieth embodiment of RF portion 122 represent a normal symbol different from a
pilot symbol.
this invention includes a QPSK (quadrature phase shift key The QPSK modulator 112J in the quadrature baseband
ing) modulator 112J instead of the BPSK modulator 112B modulator 112 of the transmitter is designed to implement
(see FIG. 31). 30 processes indicated below. The phase of an i-th QPSK symbol
As shown in FIG. 70, a quasi synchronous detector in a in the I-Q plane is denoted by “p,”, and the phase of an
receiver in the twentieth embodiment of this invention
includes a QPSK demodulator 129G instead of the BPSK (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in the I-Q plane is denoted by "p,”
demodulator 129B (see FIG. 33). The QPSK demodulator The QPSK modulator 112J determines the phase “0” of the
129G implements demodulation inverse with respect to the (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in an x-y plane on the basis of the
modulation by the QPSK modulator 112.J.
35 difference between the phases “p, and “p, according to
FIG. 71 shows an arrangement of signal points in an I-Q the following equation.
plane which are provided by QPSK modulation implemented 6, 1-p,1-p,(mod. 2JI) (35)
by the QPSK modulator 112.J. In FIG.71, the signal points are The QPSK modulator 112J implements QPSK modulation
denoted by the reference numeral “1901. The positions 40 providing four signal points which are spaced at equalangular
(Ioeski, Qorsk) of the signal points are given by the fol intervals. The QPSK modulator 112J assigns 2-bit sets of
lowing equations. “00”, “01”, “10, and “11” to the four signal points respec
tively. The QPSK modulator 112J outputs a pair of modula
tion-resultant I and Q signals to the switches 112D and 112E.
IOPSKR = Lopsk (cost -- ') Qopsk (sin -- ') (33) 45 The QPSK modulator 112J includes a latch or a register for
sampling and holding a pair of modulation-resultant I and Q
QoPSKR = lopsk (sin -- ') -- Qopsk (cos(i. -- ') (34) signals which are selected by the switches 112D and 112E.
The modulation-resultant I and Q signals held by the latch or
the register are periodically updated. The QPSK modulator
where “n” denotes an integer, and (Iorsk, Qorsk) are given 50 112J outputs a pair of held modulation-resultant I and Q
by the equations (30) and (31). With reference to FIG. 71, all signals to the 8PSK modulator 112A.
the signal points correspond to a same amplitude. In addition, The 8PSK modulation implemented by the 8PSK modula
all the distances between the neighboring signal points are tor 112A provides 8 different signal points to which 8 differ
equal to a same value. Furthermore, the signal points are ent logic states are assigned respectively. For symbols follow
spaced at equal angular intervals. Accordingly, a QPSK 55 ing a QPSK symbol in every frame, the 8PSK modulator
modulation-resultant signal is Suited for detecting an ampli 112A determines the assignment of the logic states to the
tude distortion and a frequency offset. signal points on the basis of the signal point used by the QPSK
A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the symbol. The signal point used by the QPSK symbol is repre
quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG. sented by a pair of QPSK-modulation-resultant I and Q sig
30), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the 60 nals fed from the QPSK modulator 112.J. In the case where a
transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N signal point 2001 on the positive side of the I axis is used by
successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural a QPSK symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A assigns 3-bit sets
number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the of “000, “001, “010, “011, “100, “101, “110, and
QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result "111 in the input digital signal to eight signal points 2002 for
from the 8PSK modulation. The first symbol in every frame 65 following symbols as shown in FIG. 72. In the case where a
(that is, the GPSK symbol in every frame) is used by the signal point 2001 on the positive side of the Qaxis is used by
receiver (see FIG. 32) as a pilot symbol for estimating an a QPSK symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A assigns 3-bit sets
 US RE45,037 E
41 42
of “000, “001” “010, “011, “100”, “101, “110, and modulation-resultant digital signal when the output I and Q
"111 in the input digital signal to eight signal points 2002 for signals of the RF portion 122 represent a normal symbol
following symbols as shown in FIG. 73. In the case where a different from a pilot symbol.
signal point 2001 on the negative side of the I axis is used by The QPSK modulator 112J in the quadrature baseband
a QPSK symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A assigns 3-bit sets modulator 112 of the transmitter is designed to implement
of “000, “001, “010, “011, “100, “101, “110, and processes indicated below. The phase of an i-th QPSK symbol
"111 in the input digital signal to eight signal points 2002 for in the I-Q plane is denoted by "(p., and the phase of an
following symbols as shown in FIG. 74. In the case where a (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in the I-Q plane is denoted by “p,'.
signal point 2001 on the negative side of the Qaxis is used by The QPSK modulator 112J determines the phase “0” of the
a QPSK symbol, the 8PSK modulator 112A assigns 3-bit sets 10 (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in an x-y plane on the basis of the
of “000, “001, “010, “011, “100, “101, “110, and difference between the phases “p, and "p,” according to
"111 in the input digital signal to eight signal points 2002 for the equation (35). The QPSK modulator 112J implements
following symbols as shown in FIG. 75. QPSK modulation providing four signal points which are
spaced at equal angular intervals. The QPSK modulator 112J
Twenty-First Embodiment
15 assigns 2-bit sets of “00”, “01”, “10, and “11” to four signal
points in the x-y plane respectively. The QPSK modulator
A twenty-first embodiment of this invention is similar to 112J outputs a pair of modulation-resultant I and Q signals to
the sixteenth embodiment thereof except for design changes the switches 112D and 112E. The QPSK modulator 112J
indicated hereinafter.
includes a latch or a register for sampling and holding a pair
of modulation-resultant I and Q signals which are selected by
As shown in FIG. 76, a modulator (a quadrature baseband the switches 112D and 112E. The modulation-resultant I and
modulator) in a transmitter in the twenty-first embodiment of Q signals held by the latch or the register are periodically
this invention includes a QPSK (quadrature phase shift key updated. The QPSK modulator 112J outputs a pair of held
ing) modulator 112J instead of the BPSK modulator 112B modulation-resultant I and Q signals to the 2'"-value QAM
(see FIG. 40). The QPSK modulator 112J implements QPSK 25 modulator 112F.
modulation providing signal points which are arranged in an An example of the modulation implemented by the 2'-
I-Q plane as shown in FIG. 71. value QAM modulator 112F is the 16-value QAM. The
As shown in FIG. 77, a quasi synchronous detector in a 16-value QAM by the 2"-value QAM modulator 112F pro
receiver in the twenty-first embodiment of this invention vides 16 different signal points to which 16 different logic
includes a QPSK demodulator 129G instead of the BPSK 30 states are assigned respectively. For symbols following a
demodulator 129B (see FIG. 41). The QPSK demodulator QPSK symbol in every frame, the 16-value QAM modulator
129G implements demodulation inverse with respect to the 112F determines the assignment of the logic states to the
modulation by the QPSK modulator 112.J. signal points on the basis of the signal point used by the QPSK
A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the symbol. The signal point used by the QPSK symbol is repre
quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG. 35 sented by a pair of QPSK-modulation-resultant I and Q sig
30), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the nals fed from the QPSK modulator 112.J. In the case where a
transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N signal point 2101 on the positive side of the I axis is used by
successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112F assigns
number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010,..., “1110, and “1111
QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result 40 in the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2102 for
from the 2"-value QAM modulation. The first symbol in following symbols as shown in FIG. 78. In the case where a
every frame (that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used signal point 2101 on the positive side of the Qaxis is used by
by the receiver (see FIG. 32) as a pilot symbol for estimating a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112F assigns
an amplitude distortion amount and a frequency offset 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010,..., “1110, and “1111
amount. It should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries 45 in the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2102 for
a part of the main information to be transmitted. following symbols as shown in FIG. 79. In the case where a
In the receiver (see FIG. 32), the calculator 125 separates signal point 2101 on the negative side of the I axis is used by
pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112F assigns
Q signals of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010,..., “1110, and “1111
frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding 50 in the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2102 for
to N symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude following symbols as shown in FIG. 80. In the case where a
distortion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Simi signal point 2101 on the negative side of the Qaxis is used by
larly, the calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112F assigns
in frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010,..., “1110, and “1111
122 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal) 55 in the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2102 for
having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator following symbols as shown in FIG. 81.
126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated
pilot symbols. Twenty-Second Embodiment
The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver (see
FIG. 32) is designed to implement the following processes. 60 A twenty-second embodiment of this invention is similar to
The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and the seventeenth embodiment thereof except for design
Q signals of the RF portion 122 to QPSK demodulation and changes indicated hereinafter.
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal As shown in FIG. 82, a modulator (a quadrature baseband
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 repre modulator) in a transmitter in the twenty-second embodiment
sent a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129 65 of this invention includes a QPSK (quadrature phase shift
subjects the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to keying) modulator 112H instead of the BPSK modulator
2"-value QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-de 112B (see FIG. 47). The QPSK modulator 112H implements
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43 44
QPSK modulation providing signal points which are An example of the modulation implemented by the 2"-
arranged in an I-Q plane as shown in FIG. 55. value QAM modulator 112G is the 16-value QAM. The
As shown in FIG. 83, a quasi synchronous detector in a 16-value QAM by the 2"-value QAM modulator 112G pro
receiver in the twenty-second embodiment of this invention vides 16 different signal points to which 16 different logic
includes a QPSK demodulator 129F instead of the BPSK states are assigned respectively. For symbols following a
demodulator 129B (see FIG. 48). The QPSK demodulator QPSK symbol in every frame, the 16-value QAM modulator
129F implements demodulation inverse with respect to the 112G determines the assignment of the logic states to the
modulation by the QPSK modulator 112H. signal points on the basis of the signal point used by the QPSK
A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the symbol. The signal point used by the QPSK symbol is repre
quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG. 10 sented by a pair of QPSK-modulation-resultant I and Q sig
30), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the nals fed from the QPSK modulator 112H. In the case where a
transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N positive-I positive-Q signal point 2201 is used by a QPSK
successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112G assigns 4-bit
number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the sets of “0000”, “0001”, “0010, ..., “1110”, and “1111 in
QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result 15 the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2202 for fol
from the 2"-value QAM modulation. The first symbol in lowing symbols as shown in FIG. 84. In the case where a
every frame (that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used negative-I positive-Q signal point 2201 is used by a QPSK
by the receiver (see FIG. 32) as a pilot symbol for estimating symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112G assigns 4-bit
an amplitude distortion amount and a frequency offset sets of “0000”, “0001”, “0010, ..., “1110”, and “1111 in
amount. It should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2202 for fol
a part of the main information to be transmitted. lowing symbols as shown in FIG. 85. In the case where a
In the receiver (see FIG. 32), the calculator 125 separates negative-I negative-Q signal point 2201 is used by a QPSK
pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112G assigns 4-bit
Q signals of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a sets of “0000”, “0001”, “0010, ..., “1110”, and “1111 in
frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding 25 the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2202 for fol
to N symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude lowing symbols as shown in FIG. 86. In the case where a
distortion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Simi positive-I negative-Q signal point 2201 is used by a QPSK
larly, the calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112G assigns 4-bit
in frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion sets of “0000”, “0001”, “0010, ..., “1110”, and “1111 in
122 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal) 30 the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2202 for fol
having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator lowing symbols as shown in FIG. 87.
126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated
pilot symbols. Twenty-Third Embodiment
The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver (see
FIG. 32) is designed to implement the following processes. 35 A twenty-third embodiment of this invention is similar to
The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and the seventeenth embodiment thereof except for design
Q signals of the RF portion 122 to QPSK demodulation and changes indicated hereinafter.
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal As shown in FIG. 88, a modulator (a quadrature baseband
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 repre modulator) in a transmitter in the twenty-third embodiment of
sent a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129 40 this invention includes a QPSK (quadrature phase shift key
subjects the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to ing) modulator 112J instead of the BPSK modulator 112B
2"-value QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-de (see FIG. 47). The QPSK modulator 112J implements QPSK
modulation-resultant digital signal when the output I and Q modulation providing signal points which are arranged in an
signals of the RF portion 122 represent a normal symbol I-Q plane as shown in FIG. 71.
different from a pilot symbol. 45 As shown in FIG. 89, a quasi synchronous detector in a
The QPSK modulator 112H in the quadrature baseband receiver in the twenty-second embodiment of this invention
modulator 112 of the transmitter is designed to implement includes a QPSK demodulator 129G instead of the BPSK
processes indicated below. The phase of an i-th QPSK symbol demodulator 129B (see FIG. 48). The QPSK demodulator
in the I-Q plane is denoted by "p,”, and the phase of an 129G implements demodulation inverse with respect to the
(i+1)-th QPSK symbol in the I-Q plane is denoted by “p,” 50 modulation by the QPSK modulator 112.J.
The QPSK modulator 112H determines the phase “0” of A pair of the I signal and the Q signal outputted from the
the (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in an x-y plane on the basis of the quadrature baseband modulator in the transmitter (see FIG.
difference between the phases “p, and "p,” according to 30), or the RF signal outputted from the RF portion in the
the equation (32). The QPSK modulator 112H implements transmitter is composed of a stream of frames each having N
QPSK modulation providing four signal points which are 55 successive symbols. Here, N denotes a predetermined natural
spaced at equalangular intervals. The QPSK modulator 112H number. In every frame, the first symbol results from the
assigns 2-bit sets of “00”, “01”, “10, and “11” to four signal QPSK modulation, and the second and later symbols result
points in the x-y plane respectively. The QPSK modulator from the 2"-value QAM modulation. The first symbol in
112H outputs a pair of modulation-resultant I and Q signals to every frame (that is, the QPSK symbol in every frame) is used
the switches 112D and 112E. The QPSK modulator 112H 60 by the receiver (see FIG. 32) as a pilot symbol for estimating
includes a latch or a register for sampling and holding a pair an amplitude distortion amount and a frequency offset
of modulation-resultant I and Q signals which are selected by amount. It should be noted that every pilot symbol also carries
the Switches 112D and 112E. The modulation-resultant I and a part of the main information to be transmitted.
Q signals held by the latch or the register are periodically In the receiver (see FIG. 32), the calculator 125 separates
updated. The QPSK modulator 112H outputs a pair of held 65 pilot symbols (first symbols in frames) from the output I and
modulation-resultant I and Q signals to the 2'"-value QAM Q signals of the RF portion 122 in response to a signal (a
modulator 112G. frame and symbol sync signal) having a period corresponding
 US RE45,037 E
45 46
to N symbols. The calculator 125 estimates an amplitude following symbols as shown in FIG.92. In the case where a
distortion amount from the separated pilot symbols. Simi signal point 2301 on the negative side of the Qaxis is used by
larly, the calculator 126 separates pilot symbols (first symbols a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112G assigns
in frames) from the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010,..., “1110, and “1111
122 in response to a signal (a frame and symbol Sync signal) in the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2302 for
having a period corresponding to N symbols. The calculator following symbols as shown in FIG. 93.
126 estimates a frequency offset amount from the separated
pilot symbols. Simulation
The quasi synchronous detector 129 in the receiver (see
FIG. 32) is designed to implement the following processes. 10 Simulation was executed by a computer. During the simu
The quasi synchronous detector 129 subjects the output I and lation, normal symbols were made on the basis of 16-value
Q signals of the RF portion 122 to QPSK demodulation and QAM while pilot symbols were made on the basis of QPSK
outputs the QPSK-demodulation-resultant digital signal modulation according to this invention. The normal symbols
when the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 repre and the pilot symbols were combined into a symbol stream in
sent a pilot symbol. The quasi synchronous detector 129 15 a way based on this invention. In the symbol stream, the
subjects the output I and Q signals of the RF portion 122 to number of normal symbols between pilot symbols (that is, a
2"-value QAM demodulation and outputs the QAM-de data symbol length) was equal to a given natural number 'n'
modulation-resultant digital signal when the output I and Q while each of the separate pilot symbols was equal to “1” in
signals of the RF portion 122 represent a normal symbol length. The given natural number “n” was “1”, “7”, or “15”.
different from a pilot symbol. Accordingly, symbol streams of three types were generated.
The QPSK modulator 112J in the quadrature baseband During the simulation, each of the first-type symbol stream,
modulator 112 of the transmitter is designed to implement the second-type symbol stream, and the third-type symbol
processes indicated below. The phase of an i-th QPSK symbol stream was transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver. In the
in the I-Q plane is denoted by “p,”, and the phase of an receiver, normal symbols were subjected to quasi Synchro
(i+1)-th QPSK symbol in the I-Q plane is denoted by “p. 25 nous detection using 16-value QAM demodulation while
The QPSK modulator 112H determines the phase “0” of pilot symbols were subjected to delayed detection using
the (i+1)-th QPSK symbol in an x-y plane on the basis of the QPSK demodulation. Regarding the transmission of each of
difference between the phases “p, and “p, according to the first-type symbol stream, the second-type symbol stream,
the equation (35). The QPSK modulator 112J implements and the third-type symbol stream, the bit error rate was cal
QPSK modulation providing four signal points which are 30 culated at a varying ratio of the 1-bit signal energy “Eb” to the
spaced at equal angular intervals. The QPSK modulator 112J noise power density “NO”. In the case where the given natural
assigns 2-bit sets of "00”, “01”, “10, and “11” to four signal number “n” was equal to “1”, as the ratio of the 1-bit signal
points in the x-y plane respectively. The QPSK modulator energy “Eb” to the noise power density “N0” increased, the
112J outputs a pair of modulation-resultant I and Q signals to calculated bit error rate decreased along the curve D1 of FIG.
the switches 112D and 112E. The QPSK modulator 112J 35 94. In the case where the given natural number “n” was equal
includes a latch or a register for sampling and holding a pair to “7”, as the ratio of the 1-bit signal energy “Eb” to the noise
of modulation-resultant I and Q signals which are selected by power density “N0” increased, the calculated bit error rate
the Switches 112D and 112E. The modulation-resultant I and decreased along the curve D7 of FIG.94. In the case where the
Q signals held by the latch or the register are periodically given natural number “n” was equal to “15”, as the ratio of the
updated. The QPSK modulator 112J outputs a pair of held 40 1-bit signal energy “Eb' to the noise power density “NO”
modulation-resultant I and Q signals to the 2"-value QAM increased, the calculated bit error rate decreased along the
modulator 112G. curve D15 of FIG. 94.
An example of the modulation implemented by the 2"- As comparative examples, similar simulation was imple
value QAM modulator 112G is the 16-value QAM. The mented on a prior-art system. Specifically, normal symbols
16-value QAM by the 2"-value QAM modulator 112G pro 45 were made on the basis of 16-value QAM while a signal point
vides 16 different signal points to which 16 different logic corresponding to a maximum amplitude was used as pilot
states are assigned respectively. For symbols following a symbols. The normal symbols and the pilot symbols were
QPSK symbol in every frame, the 16-value QAM modulator combined into a symbol stream in a prior-art way. In the
112G determines the assignment of the logic states to the symbol stream, the number of normal symbols between pilot
signal points on the basis of the signal point used by the QPSK 50 symbols (that is, a data symbol length) was equal to a given
symbol. The signal point used by the QPSK symbol is repre natural number “n” while each of the separate pilot symbols
sented by a pair of QPSK-modulation-resultant I and Q sig was equal to “1” in length. The given natural number “n” was
nals fed from the QPSK modulator 112.J. In the case where a “1”. “7”, or “15”. Accordingly, symbol streams of three types
signal point 2301 on the positive side of the I axis is used by were generated. Each of the first-type symbol stream, the
a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112G assigns 55 second-type symbol stream, and the third-type symbol stream
4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010,..., “1110, and “1111 was transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver. In the
in the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2302 for receiver, the transmitted symbol stream was subjected to
following symbols as shown in FIG. 90. In the case where a quasi Synchronous detection using 16-value QAM demodu
signal point 2301 on the positive side of the Q axis is used by lation. Regarding the transmission of each of the first-type
a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112G assigns 60 symbol stream, the second-type symbol stream, and the third
4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010,..., “1110, and “1111 type symbol stream, the bit error rate was calculated at a
in the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2302 for varying ratio of the 1-bit signal energy “Eb' to the noise
following symbols as shown in FIG.91. In the case where a power density “NO”. In the case where the given natural
signal point 2301 on the negative side of the I axis is used by number “n” was equal to “1”, as the ratio of the 1-bit signal
a QPSK symbol, the 16-value QAM modulator 112G assigns 65 energy “Eb” to the noise power density “N0” increased, the
4-bit sets of “0000”, “0001, “0010,..., “1110, and “1111 calculated bit error rate decreased along the curve E1 of FIG.
in the input digital signal to sixteen signal points 2302 for 94. In the case where the given natural number “n” was equal
 US RE45,037 E
47 48
to “7”, as the ratio of the 1-bit signal energy “Eb” to the noise quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of TL/4
power density “N0” increased, the calculated bit error rate radian about an origin in an I-Q plane.
decreased along the curve E7 of FIG.94. In the case where the 12. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein a maximum of
given natural number “n” was equal to “15”, as the ratio of the amplitudes corresponding to signal points of the at least
1-bit signal energy “Eb' to the noise power density “NO” 8-signal-point modulation in an I-Q plane is equal to an
increased, the calculated bit error rate decreased along the amplitude of a signal point of the phase shift keying in the I-Q
curve E15 of FIG. 94. plane.
As shown in FIG.94, the biterror rates (the curves D1, D7, 13. A transmission apparatus comprising:
and D15) in this invention are better than the corresponding first means for periodically and alternately subjecting an
prior-art bit error rates (the curves E1, E7, and E15). 10
input digital signal to first modulation and second modu
What is claimed is: lation to convert the input digital signal into a pair of a
1. A method for modulation, comprising the steps of: baseband I signal and a baseband Q signal, the first
regularly Subjecting an input digital signal to first modula modulation and the second modulation being different
tion and second modulation to convert the input digital 15 from each other, the first modulation being at least 8-sig
signal into a pair of a baseband I signal and a baseband nal-point modulation, the second modulation being
Q signal, the first modulation and the second modulation phase shift keying:
being different from each other; and second means for outputting the pair of the baseband I
outputting the pair of the baseband I signal and the base signal and the baseband Q signal;
band Q signal; wherein the phase shift keying provides periodically
wherein the first modulation is at least 8-signal-point spaced symbols which represent corresponding portions
modulation, and the second modulation is phase shift of the input digital signal in terms of differences between
keying: phases of the periodically-spaced symbols;
wherein the phase shift keying provides periodically wherein the at least 8-signal-point modulation assigns
spaced symbols which represent corresponding portions 25 logic states of the input digital signal to respective signal
of the input digital signal interms of differences between points for a first symbol in response to a signal point used
phases of the periodically-spaced symbols; and by a second symbol of the shift keying which precedes
wherein the at least 8-signal-point modulation assigns the first symbol; and
logic states of the input digital signal to respective signal wherein said first symbol is demodulated by using said
points for a first symbol in response to a signal point used 30
second symbol which is not a known prescribed pattern
by a second symbol of the phase shift keying which but a part of information transmitted by said transmis
precedes the first symbol sion apparatus.
2. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the phase shift 14. A transmission apparatus as recited in claim 13,
keying is quadrature phase shift keying. wherein the symbols provided by the phase shift keying are
3. A method as recited in claim 2, wherein the quadrature 35
used as a pilot symbol for estimating at least one of (1) a
phase shift keying provides signal points on an I axis and a Q
axis in an I-Q plane. transmission path distortion and (2) a frequency offset.
4. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least 15. A method for modulation, comprising the steps of
8-signal-point modulation is at least 8 quadrature amplitude regularly subjecting an input digital signal having different
modulation. 40 transmission timings to first modulation and second modula
5. A method as recited in claim 3, wherein the at least tion, respectively, to convert the input digital signal having
8-signal-point modulation is at least 8 quadrature amplitude different transmission timings into a pair of a baseband I
modulation. signal and a baseband Osignal, the first modulation and the
6. A method as recited in claim 4, wherein at least 8 second modulation being different from each other, and out
quadrature amplitude modulation is 16 quadrature amplitude 45 putting the pair of the baseband I signal and the baseband O
modulation. signal, wherein the first modulation is at least 8-signal-point
7. A method as recited in claim 5, wherein the at least 8 modulation, and the second modulation is phase shift keying,
quadrature amplitude modulation is 16 quadrature amplitude wherein the phase shift keying provides periodically-spaced
modulation. symbols which represent corresponding portions of the input
8. A method as recited in claim 4, wherein the at least 8 50 digital signal in terms of differences between phases of the
quadrature amplitude modulation provides signal points periodically-spaced symbols, and wherein the at least 8-sig
which result from rotation of signal points of at least 8-value mal-point modulation assigns logic States of the input digital
normal quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of signal having different transmission timings to respective sig
TL/4 radian about an origin in an I-Q plane. nal points for a first symbol in response to a signal point used
9. A method as recited in claim 5, wherein the at least 8 55 by a second symbol of the phase shift keying which precedes
quadrature amplitude modulation provides signal points the first symbol.
which result from rotation of signal points of at least 8-value 16. A method as recited in claim 15, wherein the phase shift
normal quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of keying is quadrature phase shift keying.
TL/4 radian about an origin in an I-Q plane. 17. A method as recited in claim 16, wherein the quadra
10. A method as recited in claim 6, wherein the 16 quadra 60 ture phase shift keying provides signal points on an I axis and
ture amplitude modulation provides signal points which a Oaxis in an I-O plane.
result from rotation of signal points of 16-value normal 18. A method as recited in claim 15, wherein the at least
quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of JL/4 8-signal-point modulation is at least 8 quadrature amplitude
radian about an origin in an I-Q plane. modulation.
11. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein the 16 quadra 65 19. A method as recited in claim 17, wherein the at least
ture amplitude modulation provides signal points which 8-signal-point modulation is at least 8 quadrature amplitude
result from rotation of signal points of 16-value normal modulation.
 US RE45,037 E
49 50
20. A method as recited in claim 18, wherein at least 8 vides periodically-spaced symbols which represent corre
quadrature amplitude modulation is 16 quadrature ampli sponding portions of the input digital signal in terms of dif
tude modulation. ferences between phases of the periodically-spaced symbols,
21. A method as recited in claim 19, wherein the at least 8 wherein the at least 8-signal-point modulation assigns logic
quadrature amplitude modulation is 16 quadrature ampli states of the input digital signal having different transmission
tude modulation. timings to respective signal points for a first symbol in
22. A method as recited in claim 18, wherein the at least 8 response to a signal point used by a second symbol of the shift
quadrature amplitude modulation provides signal points keying which precedes the first symbol; and wherein said first
which result from rotation of signal points of at least 8-value symbol is demodulated by using said second symbol which is
normal quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle 10
not a known prescribed pattern but a part of information
of L/4 radian about an origin in an I-O plane. transmitted by said transmission apparatus.
23. A method as recited in claim 19, wherein the at least 8
quadrature amplitude modulation provides signal points 28. A transmission apparatus as recited in claim 27,
which result from rotation of signal points of at least 8-value wherein the symbols provided by the phase shift keying are
normal quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle 15 used as a pilot symbol for estimating at least one of (1) a
of L/4 radian about an origin in an I-O plane. transmission path distortion and (2) a frequency offset.
24. A method as recited in claim 20, wherein the 16 quadra 29. A method as recited in claim 15, wherein the at least
ture amplitude modulation provides signal points which 8-signal-point modulation assigns logic states of correspond
result from rotation of signal points of 16-value normal ing portions of the input digital signal to respective signal
quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of JL/4 points for said first symbol in response to the signal point used
radian about an origin in an I-O plane. by said second symbol of the phase shift keying, by changing
25. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein the 16 quadra phase components of modulation signal points for said first
ture amplitude modulation provides signal points which symbol on an I-O plane in response to the signal point used by
result from rotation of signal points of 16-value normal said second symbol, wherein each of the modulation signal
quadrature amplitude modulation through an angle of JL/4 25 points is composed of a phase component and an amplitude
radian about an origin in an I-O plane. component.
26. A method as recited in claim 15, wherein a maximum of 30. A method as recited in claim 15, wherein the signal
amplitudes corresponding to signal points of the at least point used by said second symbol of the phase shift keying is
8-signal-point modulation in an I-O plane is equal to an a signal point arranged on an I axis or a Q axis of an I-Q
amplitude of a signal point of the phase shift keying in the I-Q plane.
plane. 31. An apparatus as recited in claim 27, wherein the phase
27. A transmission apparatus comprising: first means for shift keying is quadrature phase shift keying.
periodically and alternately subjecting an input digital signal 32. An apparatus as recited in claim 31, wherein the
having different transmission timings to first modulation and quadrature phase shift keying provides signal points on an I
second modulation, respectively, to convert the input digital 35 axis and a Q axis in an I-O plane.
signal having different transmission timings into a pair of a 33. An apparatus as recited in claim 27, wherein the at least
baseband I signal and a baseband Q signal, the first modu 8-signal-point modulation is at least 8 quadrature amplitude
modulation.
lation and the second modulation being different from each 34. An apparatus as recited in claim 33, wherein the at least
other, the first modulation being at least 8-signal-point modu 8 quadrature amplitude modulation is 16 quadrature ampli
lation, the second modulation being phase shift keying, sec 40
tude modulation.
ond means for outputting the pair of the baseband Isignal and
the baseband O signal; wherein the phase shift keying pro