RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dakamarri Bheemunipatnam, Visakhapatnam Dist 531162

DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENINEERING

List of experiments in ANALOG COMMUNICTION LAB

Cycle -1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation Frequency Modulation and Demodulation Balanced Modulator Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis Characteristics of Mixer Phase Locked Loop.

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Aim:1. To study the amplitude modulated wave forms for different modulation Depths and measure the value of modulation index. 2. To study the demodulation process and measure the detection efficiency. Apparatus:01. Experimental board on Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation. 02. AF Generator for modulating signal 03. 0-1 MHZ CRO. Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:-

Procedure:-

I. Modulation 1. Measure the internal carrier frequency by CRO connected at the carrel terminals. Record this as fc. 2. Connect the carrier to the input terminals, an AF generator to modulating signal terminals and a CRO at the AM output terminals. 3. Keeping AF signal level to zero, switch ON power supply of he board. Keep the modulating signal frequency at 6 KHz. 4. Observe that unmodulated carrier will appear on CRO screen. Measure its peak amplitude. This is Ec. 5. Keeping the CRO sweep speed in KHz/m sec. Range (corresponding to the modulation frequency). Slowly increase the AF generator signal level. Amplitude modulated wave form will appear CRO. Find out the frequency of envelope from CRO and note that it will be same as AF generator frequency. Measure the peak amplitude of AF signal and record it as Em. 6. Trace the envelope of modulated waveform. 7. Obtain the trapezoidal pattern on CRO by putting CRO sweep in EXT. Mode and connecting AM output to Y-input and modulating signal to X-input of the CRO. Trace this trapezoid and measure the lengths L1 and L2 taking help of Fig. Calculate the value of musing Eq. 8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for different settings of AF signal level and record The observations in Table. Obtain the waveforms for over modulated carrier also and compare them to those given in the theory. An alternative method for measuring modulation index makes use of Equation 2. Measure with the help of CRO the values of Ec (max) and Ec (min) in the modulated output. Calculated the value of musing Equation 2.

II Demodulation

1. Connect the AM waveform available at AM output terminals to demodulator input terminals. 2. Keep the switch S1 to L position and note the value of load resistor RL on this side.

3. Connect a CRO to detect O/P terminals. See that with the variation of modulating signal amplitude of the detected output changes. 4. Trace the detected output from CPO screen for different settings of modulating signal amplitude. Each time measure the modulating signal amplitude Em Note that when carrier is over modulated the detected output is distorted. 5. Repeat steps 4 and 5 with switch S1 in R position. In other words study the effect of RL value on detected output.

Detection Efficiency 1. Connect the AM output at the input to demodulator. Keeping the modulating signal equal to zero measure its peak amplitude on CRO and let it be Ec. 2. Keep S1 in L position. 3. Measure the DC voltage obtained at the output of demodulator. Let this be VR. 4. Repeat step 3 with S1 in R position. 5. Calculate detection efficiency in both cases by, Nd=VR/EC 6. Also find the theoretical value of nd by finding os form Table -1 for the two values of R1/rd used. Make use of Esq. For calculating nd from s. Compare the theoretical value with measured value. The value of the rd for the diode used here is.ohms. (Measure the value of rd by the resistance meter/millimeter).

PRECATIONS 1. Do not make interconnections on the board with power switched ON. 2. No external connection for DC power supply to the circuit is to be made. It is internally connected.

2. PHASE LOCKED LOOP Aim:1. To study the process of Frequency Modulation and measure the modulation index. 2. To obtain the frequency response curve of the Slope Detector. 3. To study the Demodulation of FM signal. Apparatus:1. Experimental board on Frequency Modulation and its Demodulation Using IC 565, 2. Dual trace CRO.

3. Digital Millimeter 4. A.F.Generator. 5. Spectrum analyser (optional) 6. Frequency counters (optional). Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:-

Procedure:1. Switch ON power to the boards and measure the amplitude and frequencies (lower and upper) of the modulating signal across the MODISIGNAL terminals on the right side of the transformer with the help of Frequency (FREQ) and Amplitude (AMP) knobs and CRO. 2. Measure carrier frequency fc and amplitude by CRO across the FM O/P terminal (yellow) and black ground terminal. 3. Measure DC voltage between eyelet connected to pin-7 of IC 8038 and black terminal +VCC across the +12 eyelet and VCC across the -12V eyelet with respect to ground and record them in you note-book. These VCC voltages are for IC 8038 not for IC 565 as given on the board. 4. Calculate the carrier frequency using Eq. Take C=1000pF and R=15.5k and different voltages as measured in step3. Compare the calculated frequency and the observed frequency (step 2) and comment on the findings. 5. Connect MOD SIGNAL (right of the transformer) to MOD SIGNAL terminals (below the ON/OFF switch) and observe FM wave forms on the CRO across the FM O/P terminals. Connect one trace of CRO to observe FM and second trace to observe modulating signal. Adjust frequency and amplitude of modulating signal so that you get stationary pattern of FM on CRO. 6. Trace the FM waveform form CRO screen and note that carrier amplitude is same throughout. Compare this with the waveform shown Fig. 7. Observe the FM waveform and modulating signal simultaneously on CRO Screen. Measure the frequency of FM signal around the time of negative peak of the modulating signal. Record this frequency as fmax. 8. (fmax-fc) gives the frequency deviation &fc measured in step2. has already been measure the modulating frequency fm. 9. Using Eq. (4) calculate the modulation index of the signal. 10. Next observe the effect of modulating signal amplitude on FM waveform and give your comments. 11. If a spectrum analyser is available then obtain the spectrum of FM signal and compare with those given in fig. Study of FM Demodulation 1. Calculate free running frequency fo of VCO using Eq.10.Take RT~15k and CT = 0.Q) 011-/F.

2. Measure the total supply voltage V applied to PLL by measuring it between the eye letsVCC and +VCC. 3. Calculate fL using Eqs. 11 and 12. Use for as obtained in step 13, V as measured in step 14 and C=0.022F. 2fL will give the lock-in range & 2fc will give the capture range of the PLL. 4. Measure the VCO free running frequency fo by CRO across the blue terminal connected to pins 4 and 5 of IC 565 and ground. Compare it with the frequency obtained in step 13 and comment. 5. Connect A.F.Oscillator to FM lip terminal and apply a square wave of frequency 100Hz. Connect one trace of CRO to FM I/P terminal and other trace between the VCO (blue) terminal. Are the two frequencies different? 6. Increase the frequency of square wave and find the lower capture frequency. Further increase the frequency of square wave and obtain the upper lock-in frequency. 7. Set the square wave frequency higher than upper lock-in frequency and decrease the square wave frequency. Obtain the frequency and lower lock-in frequency. Upper capture. 8. From steps 18 and 19 find out the lock-in range and capture range and compare the findings with the results obtained in step 15. Is the capture range is in between the lock-in range? 9. Generate FM signal using sine wave modulating signal (see parat-1 of the procedure). Keep the amplitude of modulating signal small. 10. Connect FM O/P to FM I/P terminal. Now FM signal gets connected to PLL demodulator. Connect one trace of CRO to modulating signal terminal and other trace to PLL DIP terminals. PLL DIP is available in form of square wave corresponding to the sine wave modulating signal. If perfect square wave DIP is not available then adjust pot Pi~lightly to get perfect square wave and modulating signal. Are they same? 11. Connect PLL OIP to PLL I/P terminal and CRo between TL and ground. Adjust Pl, P2 amplitude and frequency pots. To get perfect trapezoid wave on CRO. 12. Now connect the CRO at DEMO OIP terminals and TI and T2 observe the demodulated wave form. Is the amplitude and frequency of the demodulated wave same as modulating signal amplitude and frequency? If no, comment on the findings. 13. Change the amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal and observe the demodulated wave and comment on the findings.

Precautions:1. Do not make interconnections on the board with power switched ON. 2. No external connection for DC power supply to the circuit is to be made. It is internally connected. 3. Modulating signal is built-in. If an eternal A.F.generator is used for modulating signal, the magnitude of modulating signal should be such that it should not saturate the carrier.

3. FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Aim:1. To study the process of frequency modulation and measure the modulation index. 2. To detain the frequency response curve of the slope detector. 3. To study the demodulation of FM signal. Apparatus:1. Experimental board on frequency modulation. 2. Dual trace CRO. 3. A.F generator, 4. Spectrum analyzer. 5. Frequency counters. Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:-

Procedure: Study of FM signal:1. Connect one input of a dual trace CRO between T1 and ground. 2. Switch ON power to the board. 3. Measure the frequency of sine ware carrier which appears on CRO screen. It shall around 20KHz. Record this as fc. 4. Apply MODSIGN at Em Keeping control switch in DC position. 5. Note the variation in frequency of the carrier as the as the amplitude DC is varied. Write in your notes what you conclude form this observation. 6. Next put the control switch in sine (~) position. 7. Obtain stationary wave for of Fm signal on CRO screen by adjusting the amplitude and frequency of modulating signal. At this stage, use the other trace of the signal & FM

simultaneously. 8. Trace the FM wave form CRO screen & note that carrier amplitude is same throughout. Compare this with the waveform shown in fig. 9. Observing the FM waveform and modulating signal simultaneously on CRO screen measusre the frequency of FM signal around the time of negative peak of the modulating signal. Record this freq.s fmax. 10. (fmax fc) gives frequency deviation and fc has already measured in step3 11. Measrue the modulating freq. fm. 12. Using esq. (4) calculate the modulation index of the signal. 13. Next observe the effect of modulating signal amplitude on FM waveform and give your comments. 14. It a spectrum analyzer is available then obtains the spectrum of FM signal and compare with those given in fig2.

Detector Characteristics:1. Take an external generator and correct a CRO across it. 2. Set the amplitude of A>F signal to about 5v peak peak and keep this amplitude knob position fixed. 3. Note the peak-to-peak amplitude of this signal on CRO from 1 KHz to 40 KHz at regular intervals. Record these under L/P column if table-1 4. Now connect the A.F generator between t2 and ground while doing this do not disturb the amplitude knob of A.F generator. Note the peak-to-peak amplitude of voltage at T2 using CRO at the same frequencies as instep: 3 above record these under O/P column of table 1. 5. Find the ratio of o/p it i/p and plot it against frequency on a graph. This is the frequency response curve of the slope detector. Compare this with fig. 4 and comment on the suitability of this slope detector for converting FM into AM signal. Study of Demodulation:1. Generate FM signal using sine ware modulating signal (See part -1 of the procedure). Keep the amplitude of modulating signal small. 2. Connect T1 to T2 FM signal gets connected to the demodulator circuit. This connection converts FM into AM. 3. Observe the AM signal prior to the detector diode on CRO. Use the terminal before detector diode for connecting CRO. This conversion of FM into AM has also been shown in fig. 4. Connect the CRO at DEMOD O/P terminals. The original modulating signal appears here after envelope detection Measure its frequency. It should be same as that of the modulated

signal connected at Em. 5. Increase the amplitude of the modulating signal and observe its effect on DEMOD O/P. At larger amplitudes a distortion is produced. Give reasons in your notebook.

Precautions:1. Do not track any interconnections on the boards with the power switched ON. 2. Do not adjust the screw on ferrite pot core in demodulator section. 3. It an external AF generator is being used for modulating signal then do not Apply amplitude greater than 3vpp.

4. BALANCED MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Aim: 1. To study the process of balanced modulation and corresponding waveforms. 2. To study the demodulation of balance modulated signal. 3. To study the demodulation of balance modulated signal.

Apparatus:

1. Experimental board on balanced modulation and demodulation. 2. AF Generator for modulating signal, 3. A dual beam CRO.

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:

Procedure:

Study of Balance Modulation:1. Measure the internal carrier frequency and amplitude by CRO. It will be around 11OKHZ and 200mv. Record this frequency as fc. 2. Connect the built in carrier o the CARRIER input terminal and AF generator (MOD SIGNAL) between input SIGNAL terminal and ground terminal. 3. Connect one input of the dual trace CRO to input signal and ground terminals and the other trace to one output of balance modulator to observe the modulating signal and balance modulated wave simultaneously. 4. Keeping the AF signal level to zero and frequency approximately 4KHZ, switch on power supply of the board. 5. Keeping the CRO sweep speed in KHZ/msec, range (corresponding to the modulating signal frequency). Slowly increase the AF generator signal level and obtain a stationary balance modulated waveform on CRO screen by adjusting the amplitude of carrier and the amplitude and frequency of modulating signal. If the envelopes of the balance modulated waveform are not uniform, adjust the pot below the L/P signal terminal.

6. Trace the envelope of modulated waveform from CRO screen. Compare this with the waveform shown in fig. 7. Connect the CRO to the other output terminal of balance modulator and observe the waveform. Is the two output waveforms same? Also measure the DC voltages associated with the outputs. 8. Obtain the trapezoidal pattern on CRO by putting CRO in X-Y mode. Trace this trapezoicl. 9. Connect both the traces of CRO to both the Outputs and see the sum and difference of both the outputs. 10. Observe the effect on balanced modulated wave for different settings of AF signal level and frequency and comment on the findings. 11. Increase the frequency of the modulating signal to about 40KHZ and adjust the sweep so that you get two three envelopes on the CRO screen. Can you observe the phase reversal in the carrier terminal of at the crossing point? 12. Connect one output of balance modulator to MOD input terminal and the carrier of the modulator to the CARRIER terminal of demodulator. 13. Connect the CRO at anyone DEMOD output terminal. The demodulated signal appears here. Measure its frequency. It should be same as that of the modulating signal. 14. Increase the amplitude of modulating signal and observe its effect on DEMOD OUTPUT. At targer amplitudes a distortion is produced. Give reasons for this in your note book. 15. Trace the detected output from CRO screen for different settings of modulating signal amplitudes. Each time measure the modulating signal amplitude and compare. 16. Bring the CRO in the D.C measuring mode and observe the detected waveform. Is there any present in the detected waveform? If yes, then connect this detected output to a high pass filter and again observe the waveform. Is the DC removed from the detected waveform? 17. Connect the CRO to the second output of demodulator and observe the detected waveform and comment on the findings.

Precautions: 1. Donot makes interconnections on the board with the power switched ON. 2. No external connection for DC power supply to the circuit to be made. It is internally connected. 3. If an external carrier is used then its amplitude should not be more than 200, v and its frequency. Should be approximately 110KHZ. The frequency of modulating signal should not be more than 10 KHz and the amplitude should not exceed 2v.

Result:-

The process of balanced modulation and demodulation is studied and the corresponding waveforms are drawn.

5. PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS AIM:1. To study the pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits. 2. To calculate the gain of reemphasis and De-emphasis. 3. To plot the corresponding frequency response curves.

APPARATUS:1. Preemphasis and De-emphasis trainer. 2. Cathode ray oscilloscope. 3. Connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

THEORY:-

PROCEDURE:-

Pre-Emphasis: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram(a) output the of function generator which is sine waveform Tp1 to the input of pre-emphases circuit Tp2. (b) Vary the amplitude plot in the function generator so tht the sine wave amplitude is 10v. (c) Vary the frequency plot in function generator, so the frequency of the sine wave is 200 HZ. 2. Switch on the power supply. 3. Observe the output of Tp3 o the oscilloscope. 4. Now, observe the pre-emphasis output at Tp3; for different frequencies of the sine wave (By varying the frequency plot in function generator in steps as shown in observation. 5. Switch off the power supply.

De-Emphasis: 1. Construct the circuit as shown in fig.(b) (a)The output of the function generator which is a sine wav e form Tp1 to the input of Deemphasis circuit Tp4.

(b)Vary the amplitude plot in the function generator so that the sine wav e amplitude is 10V. 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Observe the output at Tp5 on the oscilloscope. 4. Now observe the de-emphasis output at Tp5 for different frequencies of the sine wave by the frequency plot in the function generator in steps as shown in observations.

Result:The output of Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits is observed and their graphs are plotted.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXER AND I F AMPLIFIER

Aim:To study the characteristics of mixer circuit. Apparatus:-

S.No 1.

Item Resistors

Range 1K 10K 22K 10F 0.1F BC 107

Quantity 2 1 1 2 2 1

2. 3.

Capacitors Transistor

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Breadboard CRO Function Generator Power Supply Inductor

1 1 1 1 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

THEORY:-

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Set any 2 frequencies in the two frequency generators with Vpp=2v calculate f1-f2. 3. Set the inductor value such that we get a distortion less sinusoidal wave in the CRO. 4. Note the value of inductances. 5. Repeat step2 by adjusting another pair of frequencies. 6. Plot the graphs of the observed waveforms.

Precautions:1. Connections should be tight. 2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.

Result:The resonant frequency of a tank circuit is calculated and characteristics of mixer and if amplifier are calculated.

Cycle -III

1. Voltage Series feed Back Amplifier. 2. Wein Bridge Oscillator. 3. Hartley Oscillator. 4. Collpits Oscillator. 5. RC Phase Shift Oscillator. 6. RC Coupled Amplifier.

1. Voltage Series feed Back Amplifier Aim:To obtain the frequency response of voltage series feedback amplifier and to calculate the band width.

Apparatus:-

S.No. Description of Item 1 CRO 2 Function Generator 3 Regulated Power Supply 4 Bread Board 5 Transistor 6 7 Resistor Capacitor

Range 20MHz 1MHz 0-30V --------BC 107 1Kohm 10Kohm 100Kohm 100F

Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

THEORY:-

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit shown in the figure. 2. Adjust the input signal (Sinusoidal signal)amplitude to 20mV(P-P)in A.F.O. 3.By varying the input signal frequency form 50Hz to 1MHz in steps, not down the output voltage amplitudes (i.e. without feedback). 4. Now remove the feedback capacitor CE, and repeat the above steps. 5. Calculate the gain (A) for each input frequency (for both feedback and without feedback) 6. Plot the graphs for both the cases and calculate the bandwidth.

OBSERVATIONS (VI) =20mV Input Voltage (P-P)

Out put signal S.No Vo (with feed Back) Vo (without feed back)

GAIN (With feedback) 20log(V0/Vi)dB

GAIN (Without feedback) 20log(V0/Vi)dB

Model Graph:-

Result:-

The frequency response of voltage series feedback amplifier is obtained. Bandwidth (with feedback) = Bandwidth (without feedback) =

2. WEINBRIDGE OSCILLATOR

Aim:-

To study and calculate the theoretical and practical output frequencies of Weinbridge oscillator.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

S.No 1 2

Description of Item Cathode ray oscilloscope Bread Board

Range 20MHz

Quantity 1 1

COMPONENETS REQUIRED: S.No 1 2 Description of Item Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

THEORY:-

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Observe the output waveform on C.R.O. Note down the output amplitude and frequency practically. 3. Calculate the theoretical output frequency using the formula.fo = 1/ (2RC) 4. Plot the graph for he output waveform.

Result:-

Both Theoretical and practical output frequencies are calculated Theoretical frequency= Practical frequency==

3. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

Aim: - To study and calculate both theoretical and practical output frequency for the given sets of inductors.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.No Description of Item Range 1 Cathode ray oscilloscope 20 MHz 2 Bread Board Qty 1 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No 1 2

Description of Item Transistor Resistor

Capacitor

Range BC 107 100K 10K 100 10f

Qty 2 2 1 1 2

0.1f 0.47f

2 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Connect the first set of inductors L1 and L2 and observe the output wave Form on C.R.O and measure he output voltage and frequency. 3. Repeat the above steps for the second set of inductors also. 4. Calculate the theoretical output for the given set of inductors using the formula. fo= 1/(2 sqrtLTC)

Where LT=LI*L2

5. Plot the graph for the output waveforms.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No

L1

L2

LT

f theoretical

f practical

Input voltage (Vi) =20mV (P-P)

RESULT: Both theoretical and practical output frequencies of Hartley oscillator are calculated for the given sets of inductors. f theoretical =

f practical =

4. Colpits Oscillator Aim: To calculate the output frequency of culprits oscillator for different sets of Capacitors, both theoretically and practically.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.No Description of Item Range 1 Cathode ray oscilloscope 20 MHz 2 Bread Board Qty 1 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No 1 2

Description of Item Transistor Resistor

Capacitor

Range BC 107 100K 10K 100 10f 0.1f 0.47f

Qty 2 2 1 1 2 2 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Connect the first set of capacitors C1 and C2 and observe the output waveform on C.R.O Note down the output amplitude and frequency practically 3. Calculate the theoretical output frequency for the given set of capacitors C1 and C2 using the formula. fo=1/ (2 squrtLT) Where CT=C1*C2/(C1+C2) 4. Repeat the above steps (2) and (3) for the second set of capacitors C1 and C2 also. 5. Plot the graphs for the output waveforms.

S.No 1.

C1

C2

CT

f theoretical

f practical

OBSERVATIONS: 2.

RESULT:

The frequency response of voltage series feedback amplifier is obtained. Band\width (with feedback) = Bandwidth (without feedback) =

5.

R-C PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM: To calculate the theoretical and practical output frequencies of RC phase shift oscillator.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.No Description of Item Range 1 Cathode ray oscilloscope 20 MHz 2 Bread Board Qty 1 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No 1 2

Description of Item Transistor Resistor

Range BC 107 100K 10K 1K 470K 100K 0.1f

Qty 2 2 4 1 1 1 1

Capacitor

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit a shown in figure. 2. Observe the output waveform on C.R.O.Note down the output amplitude and frequency practically. 3. Calculate the theoretical output frequency using the formula fo = 1/ (2 RC sqrt6) 4. Plot the graph for the output waveform.

RESULT: The Theoretical and practical output frequencies are calculated Theoretical frequency = Practical frequency =

6. Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of two stage R-C coupled amplifier.

S.No Description of Item Range 1 Cathode ray oscilloscope 20 MHz Function generator 1 MHz 2 Bread Board

Qty 1 1 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No 1 2

Description of Item Transistor Resistor

Capacitor

Range BC 107 1K 67K 470 18K 10f 100 f

Qty 2 2 2 2 2 3 2

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit s shown in figure. 2. Adjust the input signal (Sinusoidal signal) amplitude to 20m V(P-P) in A.F.O. 3. By varing the input signal frequency form 50 Hz to 1 MHz in steps, Note down the output voltage amplitudes. 4. Calculate the gain (A) =20log (Vo/Vi) for each input signal frequency. 5. Plot the graph by taking input signal frequency on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis and calculate the Bandwidth.

Input Voltage (Vi) =20mV S.No OUTPUT SIGNAL Frequency (Hz) Voltage (Vo) GAIN (V0/Vi) GAIN IN dB 20log(V0/Vi)dB

RESULT: