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APPLIED ELECTRICITY II (EENG222)
LECTURER’S NOTES

APPLIED
ELECTRICITY II
EENG 222
1
 FOURAH BAY COLLEGE
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
APPLIED ELECTRICITY II (EENG222)
LECTURER’S NOTES

Applied Electricity II. 2024

Elec. & Mech. Mondays 11 to 1:00

Min. & Civil Fridays 9 to 11
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METHOD OF ASSESSMENT

Attendance 5%
Assignments 5%
Classwork 5%
Tests 15%
Final Exam 70%
TOTAL 100%
3
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SECOND SEMESTER SYLLABUS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. A.C. BASIC THEORY (A.C. Power Generation)

3. SINUSOIDAL WAVES (Terms and Definition)

3.1. Instantaneous Values

3.2. Maximum Values
3.3. R.M.S. Values
3.4. Effective Values
3.5. Peak-to-peak Values
4
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4. A.C. CIRCUITS (Components)

5. CALCULATION OF REACTANCES
5.1. Capacitive Reactance
5.2. Inductive Reactance
5.3. Impedance

6. CALCULATION OF A.C. CURRENT

7. VECTOR REPRESENTATION

8. PHASE ANGLE OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

5
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9. A.C. SERIES CIRCUITS

9.1. R-C
9.2. R-L
9.3. L.C
9.4. R-L-C

10. A.C. PARALLEL CIRUITS

10.1. R-C
10.2. R-L
10.3. L.C
10.4 RL-C

11. POWER FACTOR CALCULATION 6

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12. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

13. RESONANCE
13.1 Series Resonance
13.2 Parallel Resonance
14. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH A.C. RESONANCE

15. THREE PHASE POWER SYSTEM

16. THREE PAHSE 4-WIRE SYSTEM

17. SATR CONNECTED LOADS

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18. CALCULATION OF 3-ph VOLTAGE CURRENT AND POWER

19. BALANCE 3-ph LOADS

20. UNBALANCE 3-ph LOADS (Current in the Neutral)

21. TRANSFORMERS
21.1. Single Phase Transformers

22. CONSTRUCTION

23. TRANSFORMER LOSSES

8
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24. INDUCED VOLTAGE IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

WINDINGS

25. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER

25.1. ON LOAD
25.2. ON NO-LOAD

26. IMPEDANCE TRANSFER

27. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN EXACT TRANSFORMER

28. TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

9
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
APPLIED ELECTRICITY II (EENG222)
LECTURER’S NOTES

APPLIED ELECTRICITY II
Year 2.

10
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LECTURER’S NOTES
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Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
 Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an electromotive force is induced.

 If the conductor circuit is closed, a current is induced, which is called induced current.
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1. INTRODUCTION
 Unlike D.C Current we have so far studied, alternating current (A.C) is the current that changes in
magnitude direction continuously with respect to time.

 In many design applications, alternating current offers substantial advantages over direct current.
 Transmitted over long distances.
 Storage is not necessary
 Conversion to DC is easier.

 For these reasons, alternating current (a.c) has become accepted as a more suitable and versatile power
source than direct current (d.c.).

 Although there are many situations in which d.c. is a proper choice as a fundamental source of power such
as the automobile where a d.c. storage battery represents an initial source of power, there are
correspondingly many more situation in which it becomes essential to utilize and understand alternating
current.
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
APPLIED ELECTRICITY II (EENG222)
LECTURER’S NOTES
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Electricity is produced by generators at power stations and then distributed by a vast network of
transmission lines (called the National Grid system) to industry and for domestic use.

It is easier and cheaper to generate alternating current (a.c.) than direct current (d.c.) and a.c. is
more conveniently distributed than d.c. since its voltage can be readily altered using transformers.
Whenever d.c. is needed in preference to a.c., devices called rectifiers are used for conversion.

If values of quantities which vary with time t are plotted to a base of time, the resulting graph is
called a waveform. Some typical waveforms are shown in the figure below.

A waveform of the type shown above is called a sine wave. It is the shape of the waveform of
e.m.f. produced by an alternator and thus the mains electricity supply is of ‘sinusoidal’ form.
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
APPLIED ELECTRICITY II (EENG222)
LECTURER’S NOTES

One complete series of values is called a cycle

The time taken for an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is called the period or the
periodic time, T, of the waveform.

The number of cycles completed in one second is called the frequency, f, of the supply and is
measured in hertz, Hz. The standard frequency of the electricity supply in Great Britain is 50 Hz.
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Problem 1. Determine the periodic time for frequencies of (a) 50 Hz and (b) 20 kHz

Problem 2. Determine the frequencies for periodic times of (a) 4 ms, (b) 4 μs

Problem 3. An alternating current completes 5 cycles in 8 ms. What is its frequency?

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A.C VALUES

Instantaneous values are the values of the alternating quantities at any instant of time.
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A.C VALUES

Instantaneous values are the values of the alternating quantities at any instant of time.

The largest value reached in a half cycle is called the peak value or the maximum value or the
crest value or the amplitude of the waveform. Such values are represented by Vm, Im, etc.

A peak-to-peak value of e.m.f. is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a
cycle.

The average or mean value of a symmetrical alternating quantity, (such as a sine wave), is the
average value measured over a half cycle, (since over a complete cycle the average value is zero).
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ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE (RMS VALUE)
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Vrms or V = 0.707 Vmax

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LECTURER’S NOTES

A.C VALUES
The area under the curve is found by approximate methods such as the trapezoidal rule, the mid-
ordinate rule or Simpson’s rule. Average values are represented by V AV, IAV, etc.

The effective value of an alternating current is that current which will produce the same heating
effect as an equivalent direct current. The effective value is called the root mean square (rms)
value and whenever an alternating quantity is given, it is assumed to be the rms value.

For example, the domestic mains supply in Great Britain is 240 V and is assumed to mean ‘240 V
rms’. The symbols used for rms values are I, V, E, etc.
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A.C VALUES

Problem 4. Calculate the rms value of a sinusoidal current of maximum value 20 A

Problem 5. Determine the peak and mean values for a 240 V mains supply.

Problem 6. A supply voltage has a mean value of 150 V. Determine its maximum value and its
rms value
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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The equation of a sinusoidal waveform

In the figure above, OA represents a vector that is free to rotate anticlockwise about 0 at an
angular velocity of ω rad/s. A rotating vector is known as a phasor.

After time t seconds the vector OA has turned through an angle ωt. If the line BC is constructed
perpendicular to OA as shown, then
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If all such vertical components are projected on to a graph of y against angle ωt (in radians), a sine
curve results of maximum value OA. Any quantity which varies sinusoidally can thus be
represented as a phasor.

A sine curve may not always start at 0°. To show this a periodic function is represented by y =
sin(ωt + Φ), where is the phase (or angle) difference compared with y = sin ωt.

Given the general sinusoidal voltage, v = Vm sin(ωt + Φ), then

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Problem 7. An alternating voltage is given by: Problem 8. An alternating voltage is given by:
v = 282.8 sin 314t volts. Find v = 75 sin(200t - 0.25) Volts. Find
(a) the rms voltage, (a) the amplitude,
(b) the frequency and (b) the peak-to-peak value,
(c) the instantaneous value of voltage (c) the rms value,
when t = 4 ms (d) the periodic time,
(e) the frequency, and
(f) the phase angle (in degrees and
minutes) relative to 75 sin 200πt.
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SINGLE PHASE A. C. CIRCUITS Ans.

Purely Resistive AC Series Circuit

+
120∠0o V R = 15 Ω
_

I
Exercise 1.
Determine the current I flowing in the circuit
above and sketch the waveforms and phasor
diagrams.
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Single Phase Series AC Circuits
Exercise 2.
Purely Inductive AC Series Circuit Determine the current I flowing in the circuit
above and sketch the waveforms and phasor
I
diagrams.

+
132∠45o
V
L = 35 mH
_
50 Hz
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Single Phase Series AC Circuits Exercise 4.
Determine the current I flowing in the circuit
Purely Capacitive AC Series Circuit above and sketch the waveforms and phasor
I diagrams.

+
140∠60o C = 0.15 mF
V _
60 Hz
Exercise 5.
Calculate the current taken by a 23 μF capacitor
Exercise 3. when connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz supply.
Determine the capacitive reactance of a capacitor of
10 μF when connected to a circuit of frequency
(a) 50 Hz
(b) 20 kHz
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Single Phase Series AC Circuits Exercise 7.
A capacitor C is connected in series with a 40 Ω
A.C. R-C Series Circuit resistor across a supply of frequency 60 Hz. A
current of 3 A, flows and the circuit impedance is
R = 12 Ω C = 35 µF 50 Ω . Calculate:
(a) the value of capacitance, C,
+ (b) the supply voltage,
(c) the phase angle between
140∠60o
V _ the supply voltage and current,
50 Hz
(d) the p.d. across the resistor, and
(e) the p.d. across the capacitor. Draw
I the phasor diagram.
Exercise 6.
Determine the current I flowing in the circuit
above and sketch the waveforms and phasor
diagrams.
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Single Phase Series AC Circuits Exercise 9.
In a series R–L circuit the p.d. across the resistance
A.C. R-L Series Circuit R is 12 V and the p.d. across the inductance L is 5
L = 35 mH
V. Find the supply voltage and the phase angle
R = 12 Ω
between current and voltage.

+ Exercise 10.
A coil has a resistance of 4 Ω and an inductance of
110∠60o
V
9.55 mH. Calculate at 50 Hz,
60 Hz
_
(a) the inductive reactance,
(b) the impedance, and
I (c) the current taken from a 240 V
Exercise 8. supply.
Determine the current I flowing in the circuit
above and sketch the waveforms and phasor Determine also the phase angle between the supply
diagrams. voltage and current.
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A.C. R-L-C Series Circuit That is
V = VR + JVL + (-JVC)
In an a. c. series circuit that contains a resistor Or V = VR + J(VL-VC)
R, an inductor L, and a capacitor C, the The current flowing round the circuit is the
applied voltage V is the phasor sum of the same so that:
resistor voltage VR, the inductor voltage VL IZ = IR + I(JXL) + I(-JXC)
and the capacitor voltage VC. Z = R + J(XL – XC)
R L C
XL

+ VR VL VC
(XL-XC) Z
V φ
_
R
XC
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Single Phase Series AC Circuits Exercise 12.
R-L-C AC Series Circuit A coil of resistance 5 Ω and inductance 120 mH
in
R = 12 Ω L = 35 mH C = 25 µF series with a 100 μF capacitor, is connected to a
300 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
(a) the current flowing,
+ (b) the phase difference between the
124∠30o supply voltage and current,
V
50 Hz
_ (c) the voltage across the coil and
(d) the voltage across the capacitor.

I
Exercise 11.
Determine the current I flowing in the circuit
above and sketch the waveforms and phasor
diagrams.