LECTURE NO.

2
PARTS OF SPEECH
VERB TENSE
ARTICLES

English I
Course Code: EN114
Resource Person: Wardah Ahmad
PARTS OF SPEECH
 WHAT IS A NOUN?
The noun is the name of:
• A person
• A place
• A thing
• A quality (beauty, happiness, courage)
• A concept (friendship, Communism, materialism,
spirituality)
• A condition (peace, security, joy)
 TYPES OF NOUN

• Common: the label for any member of a category

• Proper: the label for a specific member of a category
• Abstract: the name of a non-tangible thing, an idea (violence, empathy,
catastrophe)
• Concrete: the name of something one can sense (prune, aroma, fire,
violin)
• General: the broad term naming all members of a group (weapon,
dwelling, fruit, furniture)
• Specific: the name of a particular member of a group (sword, apartment,
grape, sofa)
• Collective: the name of a group, written as a common noun and in the
singular (committee, jury, army, club, team, class, murder of crows, pride
of lions, exaltation of larks, pod of whales)
• Collective nouns may be consistently singular (referring to a
unit) or consistently plural (referring to individuals.)
 NUMBER OF NOUNS

• Nouns may be singular (referring to one)

• Plural (referring to more than one) Most nouns form
their plural by adding “s” to the singular
• Nouns ending in a consonant (s, z, sh, ch, x) form their
plural by adding “es” to the singular nouns.
• Nouns ending in a consonant + y change the y to i form
their plural by adding “es” to the singular (spy = spies;
country = countries)
• Some nouns form their plurals irregularly: man = men
woman = women goose = geese ox = oxen child =
children foot = feet tooth = teeth
 PRONOUN
⬛ The noun for which the pronoun is a substitute is called the
ANTECEDENT (ante + cedo = to go before)
⬛ Must always be a single word, either stated or implied.
Sometimes, the antecedent can follow the pronoun.
Example:
⬛ Mark said that Mark would be late. Mark said that he would be
late. (The pronoun “he” substitutes for the noun “Mark.” “Mark” is
the antecedent of “he.”)

⬛ Mark----He
⬛ Mary-----She
 PERSON PRONOUNS

The concept of person in verbs and pronouns

refers to which role the verb or pronoun identifies
in the act of communication.
• FIRST PERSON (I, me, my, we, us, our, ours)
denotes the speaker when referring to himself.
• SECOND PERSON (you, your, yours, thou, thee,
thy, thine, ye) denotes The person being spoken
to.
• THIRD PERSON (he, him, his, she, her, hers, one,
it, its, they, their, theirs, them) denotes the
person(s) or thing(s) being spoken about.
 PRONOUN TYPES:
Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, whose,
theirs
Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
Objective: me, you, him, her, it, us, whom, them
Subjective: I, you, he, she, it, we, who, they
Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself,
ourselves, themselves
Indefinite: anybody, everybody, nobody,
somebody
Reciprocal(shows mutual relation) : each other,
 WHAT IS A VERB?
The is the only essential word in the
sentence.
If your sentence lacks a verb, the sentence
is not a sentence.
The verb expresses action or state of
being.
 ACTION VERBS
• Action verbs express action,
something that a person, animal,
force of nature, or thing can do

oPlaying
oDriving
 MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

• Linking verbs, on the other hand, do not express

action. Instead, they connect the subject of a
verb to additional information about the subject.
• Any form of the verb “Be”
• Am
• Were
• Has
• Been
• Are being
• is
 ADJECTIVE
⬛ Adjectives are words that describe or
modify another person or thing in the
sentence
⬛ The adjective (Latin adjectivum = added
to) describes, modifies, alters, specifies
our understanding of a noun or pronoun.

⬛ Adjectives are descriptive words.

 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Adjectives have three degrees

• Positive (an adjective describes one thing and
offers no comparison: sweet, fine, intelligent,
beautiful)
• Comparative (an adjective compares two things
only: sweeter, finer, more intelligent, less
beautiful)
• Superlative (an adjective compares more than
two things): sweetest, finest, most intelligent,
least beautiful)
 ADJECTIVE

⬛ Descriptive adjectives: Describe the noun.

Ex: red house tall man large hut

⬛ Limiting Adjectives: Limits or specifies the

noun
Ex: high school student, two teams, every
employee
 ADVERBS

🞆 Adverbs are words that modify

- a verb (He drove slowly)
- an adjective (He drove a very fast car)
- another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle)

🞆 some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly"

suffix
🞆 Answers questions such as: "how," "when," "where," "how
much".
 TYPES OF ADVERBS

• Adverb of Manner (the manner of doing a work) e.g.

well, badly, quickly, painfully.
• Adverb of Place (describes a place) e.g. where, here,
there.
• Adverb of Time (describes the time) e.g. early,
always, never, after, yesterday.
• Adverb of Frequency (shows the frequency) e.g.
often, sometimes, seldom, ever.
• Adverb of Degree (describing the limit or degree) e.g.
very, most, quiet, fully, enough.
 CONJUNCTIONS

• A conjunction is a joiner, a word that

connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.
Coordinating Conjunctions
⮚ and
⮚ or
⮚ but
⮚ for
⮚ nor
⮚ so
⮚ yet
 CONJUNCTIONS
🞆 A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent
clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the
independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).

🞆 The most common subordinating conjunctions are:

after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since,
than, that, though, until, when, where, whether, and while.
🞆 Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs you use
them to link equivalent sentence elements.
- The most common correlative conjunctions are:
both...and, either...or, neither...nor,
not only...but also, so...as, and whether...or
 PREPOSITIONS
🞆 A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to
other words in a sentence. Some
common prepositions are:
at, under, over, of, to, in, out, beneath, beyond, for,
among, after, before, within, down, up, during, without,
with, outside, inside, beside, between, by, on, out,
from, until, toward, throughout, across, above, about,
around.
🞆 Examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
 OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
🞆 The Object of the Preposition
Recognize an object of the preposition when you
see one.
🞆 Prepositions often begin prepositional phrases. To
complete the phrase, the preposition usually teams up with a
noun, pronoun, or gerund, or the object of the preposition.
Here are some examples:
🞆 At noon
🞆 At = preposition; noon = noun or the object of the
preposition.
🞆
 PREPOSITIONS VS. CONJUNCTIONS

🞆 Prepositions are connecting words.

🞆 Prepositions are words like: on, over, to, from,
about, for, against, with, between, etc.
🞆 In general, a preposition “glues” a noun or
pronoun into a sentence.
🞆 That is, a preposition is only able to connect a noun
element into a sentence.

Preposition=Introduces a noun into the sentence.

 PREPOSITIONS VS. CONJUNCTIONS

🞆 Conjunctions are also connecting words, but they can

do much more than a preposition.
🞆 Conjunctions are words like: and, but, or, because,
then, etc.
🞆 In contrast to a preposition, a conjunction can
connect any two like elements together in a
sentence.
🞆 Most notably, conjunctions have the ability to
connect verbs together.
🞆 This means that conjunctions can connect two
sentences together.
 INTERJECTION

• Interjections simply convey the way the author (or speaker)

is feeling. Interjections are rarely used in academic or formal
writing; they are more common in fiction or artistic writing.
They are usually, but not always, offset by an exclamation
point (which is also used to show emotion).
For example:
• "Yikes, I didn't realize that there was a test on grammar
today!"
• "Oh no, I can't believe that it is snowing here again!"
• "Wow, this is such a pleasant surprise!"
 EXERCISE

• Read the given passage and find out the underlined Parts
of Speech
Manuel walked on stage and the song started
immediately. Glassy-eyed from the shock of being in
front of so many people, Manuel moved his lips and
swayed in a made-up dance step. He couldn’t see his
parents, but he could see his brother Mario, who was a
year younger, thumb-wrestling with a friend. Mario was
wearing Manuel’s favorite shirt; he would deal with Mario
later. He saw some other kids get up and head for the
drinking fountain, and a baby sitting in the middle of an
aisle sucking her thumb and watching him intently.
ARTICLE USAGE: “A,”
“AN,” AND “THE”
 WHAT IS AN ARTCLE?

• An article (abbreviated ART) is a word (or

prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to
indicate the type of reference being made by
the noun (Article, 2014).
• Used with countable nouns such as chair, dog,
cat, pencil, bottle, etc.
• Two types of articles: definite and indefinite
 DEFINITE ARTICLE

• Definite article: “the”

• Used for very specific nouns; not just any
pencil, but the yellow pencil.
• The blue dog, the black cat, the chair which
is next to the couch
• Can be used with singular objects (The
purple scarf) or plural (the dogs).
 INDEFINITE ARTICLE

• Indefinite article: “A” and “An”

• “A” is used before nouns that begin with a consonant;
“an” is used before nouns that begin with a vowel.
• Used for more general, vague nouns: “Hand me a
pencil.” (any pencil.)
• An elephant, a dog, a chair, an apple
• Used only with singular objects
• Think of replacing “a” or “an” with “one.”
• Also used when first mentioning something: “A
butterfly landed on my dog’s nose. The butterfly
was pink.”
 WHEN WE DO NOT USE ARTICLES

• We don’t use indefinite articles in front of non-countable

nouns. These include abstract concepts such as happiness,
harmony, sadness, irony, justice, etc.
• The definite article can be used if indicating the instance in which it
occurred: “The sadness she felt at his passing”
• We don’t use indefinite articles with nouns that are
described in quantities, such as liquids or large amounts of
small solids such as beans, sand, dirt, etc. We can, however,
use the definite article: “The brown dirt,” “the cold water,”
etc.
• Names, pronouns, and proper nouns
• When being general: “I like water” (any/all water) “Cats are
small” (any/all cats)
TENSES
 TENSES

• Verb tenses show when an action took place, as well

as how long it occurred. The main verb tenses are
the past, present, and future.
• Simple ( states general truth)
• Continuous / Progressive (Work is going on)
• Perfect (Work is done)
• Perfect Continuous (Half is done and other half is in
progress)
PRESENT TENSE
Simple Present Tense
Sub.+ Verb 1st + s/es+ Obj.
• He plays cricket. (affirmative)
• He does not play cricket. (negative)
• Does he play cricket? (interrogative)
Present Continuous Tense
Sub. + is/am/are+ Verb 1st+ Obj.
• She is going to the market. (affirmative)
• She is not going to the market. (negative)
• Is she not going to the market? (interrogative)

Present Perfect Tense

PAST TENSE
Simple Past Tense
Sub.+ Verb 2nd + Obj.
• He ate an apple. (affirmative)
• He did not eat an apple. (negative)
• Did he eat an apple? (interrogative)
Past Continuous Tense
Sub. + was/ were + Verb 1st +ing +Obj.
• She was going to the market. (affirmative)
• She was not going to the market? (negative)
• Was she going to the market? (interrogative)

Past Perfect Tense

Sub. + had + V3 + Obj.
• I had played football. (affirmative)
• I had not played football. (negative)
• Had I played football. (interrogative)
Past Perfect Continuous
Subject + had + been + V 1st + ing + Object
• She had been playing. (affirmative)
• She had not been playing. (negative)
• Had she been playing? (interrogative)
FUTURE TENSE
Future Tense
Sub. + will/shall + V 1st + Obj.
• He will eat an apple. (affirmative)
• He will not eat an apple. (negative)
• Will he eat an apple? (interrogative)
Future Continuous tense
Sub. + will/shall + be +V 1st + ing + Obj.
• She will be going to the market. (affirmative)
• She will not be going to the market. (negative)
• Will she be going to the market? (interrogative)

Future Perfect Tense

Sub. + shall/will + have + V 3rd + Obj.
• She will have played. (affirmative)
• She will not have played. (negative)
• Will she have played? (interrogative)
Future Perfect Continuous
Sub. + shall/will +have been + V 1st + ing + Obj.
• Ali will have been playing. (affirmative)
• Ali will not have been playing. (negative)
• Will Ali have been playing? (interrogative)
 EXERCISE

Write a paragraph about your typical day at

school. Include what time you wake up, what
you do during the day, and how you spend
your free time.
• Goal: Use present simple tense to describe
habitual actions, and present continuous to
describe actions happening at the moment.