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    Crossing Overr

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    Crossing Overr

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    Crossing-overr

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    Crossing Overr

    Uploaded by

    mimhasan231202
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Crossing over

    Presented By
    Sharmin Jahan Shathi
    Lecturer
    Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics
    Bangladesh Agricultural University
    Mymensingh
    Outlines

    • Crossing over
    • Characteristics of crossing over
    • Mechanism of crossing over
    • Types of crossing over
    • Significance of crossing over
    • Crossing over vs Linkage
    Crossing over

    • Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between two


    non-sister chromatids of homologous pair of chromosomes during
    meiosis.

    • It occurs mainly during the pachytene sub stage of the prophase I stage
    of meiosis I cell division.

    • The term crossing over was first coined by T. H. Morgan.

    • Crossing over creates new combinations of genes in the gametes,


    contributing to genetic diversity.
    Crossing over
    Characteristics of crossing over
    1. Crossing over occurs between two non-sister chromatids of homologous
    chromosomes, which are chromosome pairs—one inherited from each
    parent—that carry genes for the same traits.
    2. The exchange of genetic material happens at specific points called
    chiasmata, where the chromosomes physically overlap.
    3. Crossing over increases genetic diversity by producing new combinations
    of alleles, which are different forms of a gene.
    4. The process involves a reciprocal exchange of equivalent segments of DNA
    between non-sister chromatids, ensuring that genetic information is
    swapped equally.
    5. The points at which crossing over occurs are random, leading to different
    genetic combinations each time meiosis occurs.
    6. It only occurs during meiosis, the cell division process that leads to the
    formation of gametes (sperm and eggs), and does not occur in mitosis.
    7. By creating new combinations of genes, crossing over plays a crucial role
    in evolution, driving genetic variability in populations.
    Mechanism of crossing over
    Mechanism of crossing over
    1. Synapsis: Pairing of homologous chromosome at zygotene stage

    2. Tetrad formation
    Mechanism of crossing over
    3. Exchange of non-sister chromatids

    4. Chiasmata formation
    Mechanism of crossing over
    5. Terminalization: Separation of both chromosome with exchange
    part of chromatid.
    Types of crossing over

    Based on the number of chiasmata formation: 3 types of


    crossing over
    • Single crossing over
    • Double crossing over
    • Multiple crossing over
    Types of crossing over
    Types of crossing over

    2. Double crossing over


     Two chiasmata are formed.
     Both the chiasmata may be between the
    same chromatids or between different
    chromatids .
     Two or three or all the four chromatids
    of the homologous pairs of chromosome
    are involved in the process of double
    crossing over.
     Double cross over gametes are produced.
     This is of less frequent occurrence.
    Types of crossing over

    3. Multiple Crossing Over


    Significance of crossing over
    • Increases genetic variation by creating new allele combinations in
    offspring.
    • Breaks linkage between genes, allowing for more diverse inheritance
    patterns.
    • Enables genetic mapping by helping determine the relative positions of
    genes on chromosomes.
    • Promotes evolutionary adaptation by introducing variability for natural
    selection to act upon.
    • Ensures proper chromosome segregation during meiosis, reducing the
    risk of abnormalities.
    • Masks harmful mutations, reducing the likelihood of their expression in
    offspring.
    • Helps repair chromosome damage by exchanging genetic material
    between homologous chromosomes.
    Crossing over vs Linkage
    Crossing over Linkage
    It leads to separation of linked genes It keeps the genes together

    It involves the exchange of chromosome It involves individual chromosome


    segments between two non-sister
    chromatids of homologous pair of
    chromosomes

    The frequency of crossing over can never The number of linkage groups can
    exceed 50% never be more than haploid
    chromosome number
    It increases variability by forming new It reduces variability
    gene combinations

    It provides equal frequency of parental and It produces higher frequency of parental


    recombinant types in test cross progeny types than recombinant types in test
    cross progeny

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