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    Unit-I Elements of Visual Perception

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    Subathra

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    Unit-I Elements of Visual Perception

    Uploaded by

    Subathra
    4 views22 pages

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    Unit-I Elements of visual perception

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    4 views22 pages

    Unit-I Elements of Visual Perception

    Uploaded by

    Subathra

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Elements of Visual Perception

    and Image Formation


    Preview
    • Structure of human eye
    • Brightness adaptation and Discrimination
    • Image formation in human eye and Image formation model
    • Basics of exposure
    • Resolution
    – Sampling and quantization
    • Research issues

    2
    Structure of the human eye

    • The cornea and sclera outer cover


    • The choroid
    – Ciliary body
    – Iris diaphragm
    – Lens
    • The retina
    – Cones vision (photopic/bright-light vision):
    centered at fovea, highly sensitive to color
    – Rods (scotopic/dim-light vision): general view
    – Blind spot

    3
    Human eye

    4
    Cones vs. Rods

    5
    Brightness adaptation

    • Dynamic range of
    human visual system
    – 10-6 ~ 104
    • Cannot accomplish this
    range simultaneously
    • The current sensitivity
    level of the visual
    system is called the
    brightness adaptation
    level

    6
    Brightness discrimination
    • Weber ratio (the experiment) Ic/I
    – I: the background illumination
    – Ic : the increment of illumination
    – Small Weber ratio indicates good discrimination
    – Larger Weber ratio indicates poor discrimination

    7
    Psychovisual effects

    • The perceived
    brightness is not a
    simple function of
    intensity
    – Mach band pattern
    – Simultaneous
    contrast

    8
    Image formation in the eye
    • Flexible lens
    • Controlled by the tension in the fibers of the
    ciliary body
    – To focus on distant objects?
    – To focus on objects near eye?
    – Near-sighted and far-sighted

    9
    Image formation in the eye

    Light receptor Brain

    radiant electrical
    energy impulses

    10
    A simple image formation model
    • f(x,y): the intensity is called the gray level for
    monochrome image
    • f(x, y) = i(x, y).r(x, y)
    – 0 < i(x, y) < inf, the illumination (lm/m2)
    – 0< r(x, y) < 1, the reflectance
    • Some illumination figures (lm/m2)
    – 90,000: full sun - 0.01: black velvet
    – 10,000: cloudy day - 0.93: snow
    – 0.1: full moon
    – 1,000: commercial office

    11
    Camera exposure
    • ISO number
    – Sensitivity of the film or the sensor
    – Can go as high as 1,600 and 3,200
    • Shutter speed
    – How fast the shutter is opened and closed
    • f/stop
    – The size of aperture
    – 1.0 ~ 32

    12
    Sampling and Quantization

    13
    Uniform sampling

    • Digitized in spatial domain (IM x N)


    • M and N are usually integer powers of two
    • Nyquist theorem and Aliasing
    Sampled
    (0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (0,0) (0,0) (0,2) (0,2)
    by 2
    (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (0,0) (0,0) (0,2) (0,2)
    (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,0) (2,0) (2,2) (2,2)
    (3,0) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (2,0) (2,0) (2,2) (2,2)

    • Non-uniform sampling
    – communication 14
    More on aliasing
    Aliasing (the Moire effect)

    http://www.wfu.edu/~matthews/misc/DigPhotog/alias/

    15
    original Sampled by 2 Sampled by 4

    16
    Sampled by 8 Sampled by 16
    Uniform quantization
    • Digitized in amplitude (or pixel value)
    • PGM – 256 levels  4 levels

    255 3

    192
    2
    128
    1
    64

    0 0
    17
    original 128 levels (7 bits) 16 levels (4 bits)

    18
    4 levels (2 bits) 2 levels (1 bit)
    Image resolution
    • Spatial resolution
    – Line pairs per unit distance
    – Dots/pixels per unit distance
    • dots per inch - dpi
    • Intensity resolution
    – Smallest discernible change in intensity level

    • The more samples in a fixed range, the higher the


    resolution
    • The more bits, the higher the resolution

    19
    The research

    • Artificial retina (refer


    to the link)
    • Artificial vision (refer
    to the link)
    • 3-D interpretation of
    line drawing
    • Compress sensing

    20
    3D interpretation of line drawing
    • Emulation approach
    – A given 3-D interpretation is considered less likely to be
    correct if some angles between the wires are much larger
    than others

    21
    Summary
    • Structure of human eye
    – Photo-receptors on retina (cones vs. rods)
    • Brightness adaptation
    • Brightness discrimination (Weber ratio)
    • Be aware of psychovisual effects
    • Image formation models
    • Digital imaging
    – Sampling vs. quantization
    – Image resolution

    22

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