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    Gate Signals

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    Anju James

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Gate Signals

    Uploaded by

    Anju James
    11 views36 pages

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    Gate_Signals

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    11 views36 pages

    Gate Signals

    Uploaded by

    Anju James

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    Signals and Systems

    GATE Coaching Class

    Anju James
    Assistant Professor
    Electrical and Electronics
    Signals & Systems
     Signal is defined as a function that conveys useful
    information about the state or behavior of a physical
    phenomenon.
     Signal is typically the variation with respect to an
    independent quantity like time or distance.
     (1) Speech signal – plot of amplitude with respect to
    time [x(t)]
     (2) Image –plot of intensity with respect to spatial co-
    ordinates [I(x, y)]
     (3) Video – plot of intensity with respect to spatial co-
    ordinates and time [V(x, y, t)]
     System: System is defined as an entity which extracts
    useful information from the signal or processes the
    signal as per a specific function.
    E.g.: Speech Signal Filtering
    Classification of signals
    Number of independent variables
    ◦ One dimensional & Multi-dimensional
    Continuous or discrete independent
    variables
    ◦ Continuous time & Discrete time
    Continuous or discrete dependent
    variable
    ◦ Continuous valued & Discrete valued
    ◦ Analog & Digital
    ◦ Causal & Non-casual
    ◦ Even and Odd
    Graphical representation of
    signals
    Causal vs Non-causal
    Causal signals… f (t) = 0 for t
    <0

    Anticausals signals…. f (t) = 0


    for t ≥ 0

    Non-causal signals
    Even vs Odd
    Even signals
    Odd signals
    Example
    Even and Odd components of a
    signal
     Any signal can be written as the sum of even and odd
    signals
    Example- find the even and odd
    components of a signal
    Standard signals
    Unit Step signal
    u(t) = { 1 for t⩾0
    0 for t<0 }
    Unit Impulse
    Pulse signal
    Exponential function
     Exponential signal is in the form
    of x(t) = eαt
     The shape of exponential can be
    defined by α
     if α = 0 → x(t) = e0 = 1
     if α < 0 i.e. -ve then x(t) = e−αt.
    The shape is called decaying
    exponential.
     if α > 0 i.e. -ve then x(t) = eαt.
    The shape is called raising
    exponential.
    Example
    h(n) = 2u(n-2)- 2u(n-4)
    a. Stable and casual
    b. Stable and non causal
    c. Causal and unstable
    d. Non causal and unstable
    Example
    h(n) = u(n+3) + u(n-2) – 2 u(n-7)
    a. Stable and casual
    b. Stable and non causal
    c. Causal and unstable
    d. Non causal and unstable
    Example
    h(n) = 2nu(n-2)
    a. Stable and casual
    b. Stable and non causal
    c. Causal and unstable
    d. Non causal and unstable
    Example
    An excitation is applied to a
    system at t=T and its response is
    zero for -∞ to T. Such system is
    a. casual
    b. non causal
    c. unstable
    d. stable
    Periodic vs non-periodic
    A signal x(t) is said to be
    periodic if for some
    positive constant To

     The smallest value of To


    that satisfies the
    periodicity condition of
    this equation is the
    fundamental period of
    x(t)
    Different operations on
    signals
    Time shifting
    Amplitude shifting
    Amplitude scaling
    Time scaling
    Time reversal
    Amplitude reversal
    Left shift and right shift

    k=2
    k=-2
    k=1
    k=-1
    Find x(-t)
    0<1-3t<3
    Example 0>3t-1>-3
    1>3t>-2
    1/3>t>-2/3

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