Introductio

n to
Discourse
Presented by : Elsiska (2113002) & Tania
Febiana (2113022)
Table of contents
01 Defining discourse
Defining Discourse Studies and Discourse
02 Analysis
Discourse Analysis may emphasize
03 discourse structure or discourse function
or both
04 Discourse Analysis may Focus on Any
Sort of Text
There are various approaches
05 to Discourse Studies

06 Discourse Analysis is conducted in

many fields of activity
 Contents of this template
Discourse Studies focuses on language
07 in its contexts of use

08 Discourse is
intertextual

09 Discourse and communication

10 Discourse and communicative competence

11 Organization of the book

12 Questions for discussion

 Defining discourse
01
The term ‘discourse’ refer to a particular set of
ideas and how they are articulated, such as the
discourse of environmentalism, the discourse of
neoliberalism or the discourse of feminism. In this
case, the term refers to a type of specialized
knowledge and language used by a particular
social group.

"In the English language, 'discourse' is defined as

the use of spoken or written language to convey
meaning within a specific context or
conversation. It encompasses how language is
structured and utilized to express ideas, share
02 Defining Discourse Studies and
Discourse Analysis
Discourse Studies is an interdisciplinary field that
examines language use in its broader social, cultural,
and contextual context. Discourse Studies are
investigate the larger structures, patterns, and
meanings that emerge from language use.

Discourse Analysis is a specific methodological

approach within Discourse Studies. It focuses on the
systematic analysis of language use to uncover
patterns, structures, and meanings in various types of
discourse.
 03
Discourse Analysis may emphasize discourse structure or
discourse function or both
• Discourse Structure
-Emphasis on Structure, discourse analysts specializing in structural
aspects study how language is organized in longer communication units,
like paragraphs, conversations, or speeches. They investigate idea
sequencing, transitional devices, and overall coherence and cohesion in
discourse.
-Goals, the objective is to comprehend the construction of discourse, the
interrelation of its elements, and their role in shaping the overall flow
and structure of communication.
• Discourse Function
-Some discourse analysts focus on the functional aspects of discourse,
which involve studying how language is employed to achieve specific
communication goals or social functions.
-Goals, the objective is to comprehend the reasons behind specific
language choices and their effects on the audience or the interaction.
This is particularly relevant in fields such as pragmatics, sociolinguistics,
and critical discourse analysis.
 04 Discourse Analysis may Focus
on Any Sort of Text
Analysis, refers to any stretch of spoken or written
language
In spoken discourse, it may focus
on casual conversations, business
In written text, Discourse Analysis
and other professional meetings,
may consider texts as diverse as
service encounters (buying and
news reports, textbooks,
selling goods and services) and
company reports, personal
classroom lessons, speeches,
letters, business letters, e-mails
debates, radio broadcasts, and
and faxes.
recorded conversations.
 05 There are various approaches to
Discourse Studies
Discourse Studies employ various analytical approaches,
and this book organizes its content around some key
methods:
● Register Analysis (Chapter 2)
● Cohesion, Coherence, and Thematic Development
(Chapters 3-4)
● Pragmatics (Chapters 5-6)
● Conversation Analysis (Chapter 7)
● Genre Analysis (Chapter 8)
● Corpus-based Discourse Analysis (Chapter 10)
● Critical Discourse Analysis (Chapter 10)
06 Discourse Analysis is conducted in
many fields of activity
Informal activity
Conversations, service encounters,
storytelling, gossip, and casual chat

Formal activity
politics, media analysis, law, healthcare,
business, and bureaucratic communication
07 Discourse Studies focuses on language
in its contexts of use

Discourse Studies primarily center on the examination of

language within its various contexts of use. This field explores
how language functions in communication and how it is shaped
by and, in turn, shapes the social, cultural, and situational
contexts in which it is employed
 08 Discourse is
intertextual
Intertextuality is a fundamental aspect of discourse that highlights
how texts are interconnected and influenced by a network of
prior texts and cultural references.
Example 1
Fan fiction is a great example of deliberate intertextuality. In fan
fiction, authors enter the fictional worlds of other authors and
create their own stories. For example, a Lord of the Rings fan
fiction might tell the story of minor characters or add new
characters to the world of Middle Earth. Sometimes, fan fiction
becomes extremely successful in its own right – 50 Shades of
Grey was originally written as Twilight fan fiction.
09 Discourse and communication
Discourse and communication are closely intertwined concepts,
and they both play essential roles in how humans convey
meaning and interact with one another. Here's an overview of
their relationship:
Definition of Terms:
• Discourse: Discourse refers to the use of language (spoken
or written) within specific contexts to convey meaning.
• Communication: Communication is the broader process of
conveying information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings between
individuals or groups.
 Discourse
Understanding within Communicati
and Analysis Communication on Contexts
Discourse analysis In communication, Communication can
is a field of study discourse is the vehicle occur in diverse
that examines through which contexts, such as
language use in individuals express interpersonal
communication themselves, share conversations, public
information, negotiate speaking, written texts,
meaning, and engage in digital messaging, and
Pragmatics
various forms of more.
Pragmatics is a subfield of interaction.
linguistics that focuses on Interconnection
how language is used in
communication to achieve Discourse is a fundamental
specific purposes and component of communicatio
convey meaning beyond the
literal interpretation of
words
10 Discourse and communicativ
competenc

According to the Council of Europe the discourse

competence is defined as the learner's capacity
to arrange, structure, link sentences in order to
produce coherent and cohesive texts
11. Organization of the book
The organization of a book can vary greatly depending on
its subject matter and the author's intentions.
However, a typical organization for a book on discourse
analysis might follow a structure like this:
Introduction
Chapter 1: Understanding Discourse Analysis
Chapter 2: Register Analysis
Chapter 3: Cohesion, Coherence, and Thematic
Development
Chapter 4: Pragmatics
Chapter 5: Conversation Analysis
Chapter 6: Genre Analysis
Chapter 7: Corpus-based Discourse Analysis
Chapter 8: Critical Discourse Analysis
Chapter 9: Case Studies and Examples
Chapter 10: Future Directions and Applications
Conclusion
References
12. Question for discussion
1. What are some of the ‘big D’ discourses you come into contact with on a daily
basis? What are
their distinctive features? What are the ideas and attitudes they express? Can you
think of any
2. Think of someone you know. How do they identify themselves through their use
of language,
particular linguistic features of these discourses?
perhaps because of their age, their job, or some other contextual factors?
3. Can you think of (or make up) any examples of intertextuality, maybe in
newspaper headlines
or advertisements you have come across?
4. Can you think of any examples of intertextuality that would be difficult for a
foreigner entering
your country or an English-speaking country you are familiar with?
5. Why do you think the conduit model has remained so popular over the
centuries?
 Thanks!
Do you have any
questions?
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