Part 1 Mechanics (Continued)

Chapter 2 – Motion in One Dimension

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 Chapter outline
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Diagrams
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
2.7 Freely Falling Objects
2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

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Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
Position
 The object’s position is its
location with respect to a
chosen reference point.
• Consider the point to
be the origin of a
coordinate system.

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Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
Displacement
 Displacement is defined as the change in position
during some time interval.
Represented as x
x ≡ xf - xi
SI units are meters (m)
x can be positive or negative

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Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
Displacement
 Different than distance
Distance is the length of a path followed by a
particle.

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Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
Distance vs. Displacement – An Example
 Assume a player moves from
one end of the court to the
other and back.
 Distance is twice the length
of the court
Distance is always positive
 Displacement is zero
Δx = xf – xi = 0 since xf = xi

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Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
Vectors and Scalars

 Vector quantities need both magnitude (size or numerical

value) and direction to completely describe them.
Will use + and – signs to indicate vector directions in this
chapter
 Scalar quantities are completely described by magnitude only.

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Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
Average Velocity
 The average velocity is the rate of change of displacement with
time. x x  x
v x , avg   f i
t t
• The x indicates motion along the x-axis.

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Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
Average Velocity
 The average velocity is rate at which the displacement occurs.
x xf  xi
v x , avg  
t t
• The x indicates motion along the x-axis.
 Is also the slope of the line in the position – time graph

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Section 2.1: Examples

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Section 2.1: Examples
Solution

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Section 2.1: Examples

x xf  xi
v x , avg  
t t

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Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
Average Speed
 Speed is a scalar quantity.
Has the same units as velocity
d
Defined as total distance / total time: v avg 
t
 The speed has no direction and is always
expressed as a positive number.
 Neither average velocity nor average speed
gives details about the trip described.

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Section 2.1: Examples

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Instantaneous Velocity
 The limit of the average velocity as the
time interval becomes infinitesimally short,
or as the time interval approaches zero.
 The instantaneous velocity indicates what
is happening at every point of time.

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Instantaneous Velocity, graph
 The instantaneous velocity is the slope of the line
tangent to the x vs. t curve.

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Instantaneous Velocity, graph
 The light blue
lines show that as t
gets smaller, they
approach the green
line.

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
A Note About Slopes
 The slope of a graph of
physical data represents
the ratio of change in the
quantity represented on
the vertical axis to the
change in the quantity
represented by the
horizontal axis.
 The slope has units
Unless both axes have the same
units

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Instantaneous Velocity, equations
 The general equation for instantaneous
velocity is:
x dx
v x lim 
t  0 t dt
 The instantaneous velocity can be positive,
negative, or zero.

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2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Instantaneous Velocity
 The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of
the instantaneous velocity.
 The instantaneous speed has no direction
associated with it.
 Speed: How fast something is moving
 Velocity: In which direction something is
moving (and How fast it is moving)

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2.3 Analysis Models: Particle Under Constant Velocity
Model: A Particle Under Constant Velocity
Constant velocity indicates the instantaneous velocity
at any instant during a time interval is the same as the
average velocity during that time interval.
vx = vx, avg
• The mathematical representation of this situation is the
equation.
x x f  x i
vx   or xf  xi  v x t
t t
• Common practice is to let ti = 0 and the equation
becomes: xf = xi + vx t (for constant vx)

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2.3 Analysis Models: Particle Under Constant Velocity

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2.3 Analysis Models: Particle Under Constant Velocity
Model: A Particle Under Constant Speed
 A particle under constant velocity moves with a
constant speed along a straight line.
 A particle can also move with a constant speed
along a curved path.
 This can be represented with a model of a
particle under constant speed.
 The primary equation is the same as for average
speed, with the average speed replaced by the
constant speed. d
v
t 26/79
2.3 Analysis Models: Particle Under Constant Velocity

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2.3 Analysis Models: Particle Under Constant Velocity

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2.3 Analysis Models: Particle Under Constant Velocity
Model: A Particle Under Constant Speed

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2.4 Acceleration
Average Acceleration
 Acceleration is the rate of change of the
velocity.
v x v xf  v xi
ax ,avg  
t tf  ti
 Dimensions are L/T2
SI units are m/s²
 In one dimension, positive and negative can be
used to indicate direction.
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2.4 Acceleration
Instantaneous Acceleration
 The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of
the average acceleration as t approaches 0.
v x dv x d 2 x
ax  lim   2
t  0 t dt dt
 The term acceleration will mean
instantaneous acceleration.
If average acceleration is wanted, the word
average will be included.
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2.4 Acceleration
Instantaneous Acceleration – graph
 The slope of the
velocity-time graph is
the acceleration.
 The green line
represents the
instantaneous
acceleration.
 The blue line is the
average acceleration.

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2.4 Acceleration
Acceleration and Velocity, Directions
 When an object’s velocity and
acceleration are in the same direction, the
object is speeding up.
 When an object’s velocity and
acceleration are in the opposite direction,
the object is slowing down.

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2.4 Acceleration
Notes About Acceleration
 Negative acceleration does not necessarily
mean the object is slowing down.
• If the acceleration and velocity are both
negative, the object is speeding up.
 The word deceleration has the connotation of
slowing down.
• This word will not be used in the text.

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2.5 Motion Diagrams
Constant Velocity

 Images are equally spaced.

 The car is moving with constant positive velocity
(shown by red arrows maintaining the same size).
 Acceleration equals zero.

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2.5 Motion Diagrams
Acceleration and Velocity

Images become farther apart as time increases.

Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction.
Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same
length).
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer).
This shows positive acceleration and positive velocity.
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2.5 Motion Diagrams
Acceleration and Velocity, 4

 Images become closer together as time increases.

 Acceleration and velocity are in opposite
directions.
 Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain
the same length).
 Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting
shorter).
 Positive velocity and negative acceleration.
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2.5 Motion Diagrams
Acceleration and Velocity, final
 In all the previous cases, the acceleration was
constant.
Shown by the violet arrows all maintaining
the same length
 The diagrams represent motion of a particle
under constant acceleration.
 A particle under constant acceleration is
another useful analysis model.

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations
 The kinematic equations can be used with any
particle under uniform acceleration.
 The kinematic equations may be used to solve
any problem involving one-dimensional motion
with a constant acceleration.
 You may need to use two of the equations to
solve one problem.
 Many times there is more than one way to
solve a problem.

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations, 1

For constant ax,

v xf v xi  ax t
Can determine an object’s velocity at any
time t when we know its initial velocity and
its acceleration
Assumes ti = 0 and tf = t
Does not give any information about
displacement
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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations, 2
 For constant acceleration,
v xi  v xf
v x,avg 
2
 The average velocity can be expressed as the
arithmetic mean of the initial and final velocities.
This applies only in situations where the
acceleration is constant.

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations, 3
 For constant acceleration,
1
xf  xi  v x,avg t  xi  v xi  v xf t
2
 This gives you the position of the particle
in terms of time and velocities.
 Doesn’t give you the acceleration

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations, 4
 For constant acceleration,
1 2
xf  xi  v xi t  ax t
2
 Gives final position in terms of velocity and
acceleration
 Doesn’t tell you about final velocity

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations, 4
 For constant acceleration,
1 2
xf  xi  v xi t  ax t
2
 Gives final position in terms of velocity and
acceleration
 Doesn’t tell you about final velocity

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations, 4
 For constant acceleration,
1 2
xf  xi  v xi t  ax t
2
 Gives final position in terms of velocity and
acceleration
 Doesn’t tell you about final velocity

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations, 5

For constant a,

v 2
xf v  2ax  xf  xi 
2
xi

Gives final velocity in terms of acceleration

and displacement
Does not give any information about the time

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
When a = 0
When the acceleration is zero,
vxf = vxi = vx
xf = x i + v x t
The constant acceleration model reduces to the
constant velocity model.

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Kinematic Equations – summary

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Graphical Look at Motion: Displacement – Time curve
 The slope of the
curve is the velocity.
 The curved line
indicates the velocity is
changing.
• Therefore, there is
an acceleration.

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Graphical Look at Motion: Velocity – Time curve

 The slope gives the

acceleration.
 The straight line
indicates a constant
acceleration.

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2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Match each vx – t graph (on the top) with the ax – t graph (on
the bottom) that best decribes the motion.

Subfigures (a), (b) and (c) are vx – t graphs.

Subfigures (d), (e) and (f) are ax – t graphs. 51/79
Problem 4
When applying the equations of kinematics for an object moving in
one dimension, which of the following statements must be true?
(a) The velocity of the object must remain constant.
(b) The acceleration of the object must remain constant.
(c) The velocity of the object must increase with time.
(d) The position of the object must increase with time.
(e) The velocity of the object must always be in the same direction
as its acceleration.

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Solution 4
The derivation of the equations of kinematics for an object moving
in one dimension was based on the assumption that the object had a
constant acceleration. Thus, (b) is the correct answer. An object
would have constant velocity if its acceleration were zero, so (a)
applies to cases of zero acceleration only. The speed (magnitude of
the velocity) will increase in time only in cases when the velocity
is in the same direction as the constant acceleration, so (c) is not a
correct response.
An object projected straight upward into the air has a constant
downward acceleration, yet its position (altitude) does not always
increase in time (it eventually starts to fall back downward) nor is
its velocity always directed downward (the direction of the
constant
acceleration). Thus, neither (d) nor (e) can be correct.
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Solution 4

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Solution 4

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Problem 26

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Problem 26

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Problem 26

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Problem 70

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Problem 70

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 Problem 70

We split the motion into

TWO displacements !

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Problem 70

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2.7 Freely Falling Objects
Freely Falling Objects
 A freely falling object is any object moving
freely under the influence of gravity alone.
 It does not depend upon the initial motion of
the object.
Dropped – released from rest
Thrown downward
Thrown upward

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2.7 Freely Falling Objects
Acceleration of Freely Falling Object
 The acceleration of an object in free fall is directed
downward, regardless of the initial motion.
 The magnitude of free fall acceleration is g = 9.80
m/s2.
g decreases with increasing altitude
g varies with latitude
9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface
The italicized g will be used for the acceleration due
to gravity.
Not to be confused with g for grams
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2.7 Freely Falling Objects
Acceleration of Free Fall, cont.
 We will neglect air resistance.
 Free fall motion is constantly accelerated motion in
one dimension.
Use model of a particle under constant acceleration
 Let upward be positive
 Use the kinematic equations
With ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2
Note displacement is in the vertical direction

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 Problem 6
An arrow is shot straight up in the air at an initial
speed of 15.0 m/s. After how much time is the
arrow moving downward at a speed of 8.00 m/s?
(a) 0.714 s
(b)1.24 s
(c) 1.87 s
(d) 2.35 s
(e) 3.22 s

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Solution 6
Once the arrow has left the bow, it has a constant
downward acceleration equal to the free-fall
acceleration, g. Taking upward as the positive
direction, the elapsed time required for the
velocity to change from an initial value of 15.0
m/s upward (v0 = +15.0 m/s) to a value of 8.00
m/s downward (vf = −8.00 m/s) is given by
v v f  v0  8  15
t    2.35s
a g  9.8
Thus, the correct choice is (d).
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2.8 Kinematic Equations from Calculus
Kinematic Equations from Calculus
 Displacement equals
the area under the
velocity – time curve
tf
lim
tn  0
v
n
xn tn   v x (t )dt
ti

 The limit of the sum

is a definite integral.

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2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
Kinematic Equations – General Calculus Form
dv x
ax 
dt
t
v xf  v xi  ax dt
0

dx
vx 
dt
t
xf  xi  v x dt
0

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2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
Kinematic Equations – From Integration

The integration form of vf – vi gives

v xf  v xi ax t
The integration form of xf – xi gives
1 2
xf  xi v xi t  a x t
2

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Thank you for your
attention !

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