UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF PHARMA

SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT : PHARMACY
Master of Pharmacy
Drug Delivery System
PHT 602

Customized drug delivery systems, DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

Bioelectronics Medicines and 3D
Printing
3D printing in pharmaceuticals:

3D printing is layer by layer production of

3D objects from digital design.

It include wide variety of manufacturing

technologies which are all based on digitally
controlled depositing of materials to create
free-form geometries.

 this methods extensively used in field

of biomanufacturing (specially for bone
and tissue engineering ).

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It became a standard tool in automotive,
aerospace and consumer goods
industries.

More recently 3D printing has gained

traction in pharmaceutical
manufacturing illustrated by FDA
approval of 3D printed drug product in
August 2015.

 It can be used for customized drug

delivery system
Advantages and Applications of
3DP in Pharmaceutical Drug
Delivery:
(a)High production rates due to its fast
operating systems.
(b)Ability to achieve high drug-loading
with much desired precision & accuracy
especially for potent drugs that are
applied in small doses.
(c)Reduction of material wastage which can
save the cost of production.
(d)An ability to broad types of pharmaceutical
active ingredients including poorly water-
soluble, peptides and proteins, as well as
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drug with narrow therapeutic windows.
Current 3D printing
technologies in
pharmaceutical drug
delivery:
1.Inkjet printing
2.Zip dose
3.Thermal inkjet printing
4.Fused deposition modeling

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1) Inkjet printing:
Powder is used as substrate for spreading
ink which solidifies into solid dosage form.

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2) Zip dose:
Provide a personalized dose in addition to
delivery of high drug loaded with high
disintegration and dissolution levels.

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3) Thermal inkjet printing:

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 4) Fused depositing modeling:
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a technology where
the melt extrusion method is used to deposit filaments of
thermal plastics according to a specific pattern. The layout for
FDM consists of a printhead able to move along X and Y
directions above a build platform.

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Fused deposition modeling (FDM), a type of 3D printing
technology, is the most quoted when dealing with
production of drug delivery devices, because of the low
cost of printers; printing precision, fundamental to
guaranteeing medicine quality parameters; and hot-melt
extrusion, a technological process incorporated in the
pharmaceutical field a decade ago.
 Examples of pharmaceutical
formulation that were developed
using 3D technology:
3Dprinting Technology Dosage form Active pharmaceutical
ingredients
Inkjet 3DP Nanosuspension Folic acid
Inkjet 3DP Implant Levofloxacin
Thermal injecting printer Solution Salbutamol sulphate

3DP extrusion based printing Encapsulated within polymer Dexamethasone -21-phosphate

(PLGA) (PVA) disodium salt
Fused depositing model Tablet 5-aminosalysilic acid (5-ASA
mesalazine) 4-
and amionosalysilic
acid
Desktop 3D printer Tablet Guaifenesin

Laboratory scale 3D printing Capsule Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride

machine
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TELEPHARMACY & BIOELECTRIC
MEDICINES

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Telepharmacy:
Telepharmacy is the delivery of pharmaceutical
care via telecommunications to patients in
locations where they may not have direct
contact with a pharmacist. It is an instance of
the wider phenomenon of telemedicine, as
implemented in the field of pharmacy.

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

In order to maintain or make pharmacy
services available in areas that have lost
their pharmacy or are in failure of losing
their pharmacy, to permit telepharmacies.
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OPERATIONS

-The remote site is considered to be under the

personal charge of the pharmacist at the
central pharmacy.

-A remote site shall be connected to its central

pharmacy via computer link, video link &
audio link.

-A remote site should use its central

pharmacy’s processing unit.

-A pharmacist at the central pharmacy must 14

Counseling must be done by a pharmacist
via video and audio link. The pharmacist
must counsel the
patient or the patient’s agent on all new
prescriptions and refills.

A pharmacist must complete monthly

inspections of the remote site. Inspection
reports must be included in the policies and
procedures for the site. The inspection
reports must be maintained until the next
Board of Pharmacy Inspection.

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There are 4 types of telepharmacies:
1.Inpatient (remote order-entry review)
2.Remote dispensing
(retail/outpatient/discharge)
3.IV admixtures
4.Remote
counseling

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1) Inpatient (remote order-entry review)
Definition
Inpatient Telepharmacy refers to a
pharmacist at a remote location performing
remote order-entry services for an inpatient
pharmacy at a hospital. The remote
pharmacist reviews medication orders before
the hospital staff administers the drugs to
the patient.
Uses
Hospitals and health systems benefit from
inpatient Telepharmacy as it allows for real-
time medication order review and
verification. With inpatient Telepharmacy,
remote pharmacists are able to provide 24/7
coverage hours to help supplement and 18
strengthen the inpatient pharmacy.
2) Remote dispensing
(retail/outpatient/discharge)
Definition
A remote-dispensing site, or retail
community Telepharmacy, is a licensed
brick-and-mortar pharmacy staffed by a
certified pharmacy technician. A
pharmacist supervises the technician,
reviews prescriptions and performs his or
her duties from a remote location via
technology.
Uses
It is used in retail community pharmacy
and outpatient/ discharge pharmacy
settings, Telepharmacy gives patients
convenient access to a pharmacist and
prescription medication. 19
3) IV admixture
Definition
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of
Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) defines IV
admixture as, ‘the preparation of
pharmaceutical product which requires the
measured addition of a medication to a 50ml or
greater bag or bottle of intravenous fluid. ‘In
layman’s terms, IV admixture is the mixture of IV
solution administered to patients in a hospital
setting.
Uses
Hospital pharmacies can save time and money by
implementing Telepharmacy in the IV-admixture
clean room. they save the time needed to suit up
and enter the clean room to review the solution. 20
4) Remote counseling
Definition
Remote- patient counseling equates to
pharmacists providing patient counseling
and interactive video session, or by some
means through telecommunications.
Uses
Remote-patient counseling allows
pharmacists to consult and provide a variety
of pharmacy-care services to patients via
secure, live video calls. Beyond being
beneficial to retail independents, community,
clinic and hospital-based pharmacies,
remote counseling also provides
opportunities for specialty counseling,
discharge counseling and various clinical 21
interactions with pharmacists.
Advantages:
Improve efficiency (reduce work
load)
Improve accuracy (reduce errors)
Improve documentation
Enhance security(authorized access
only)
Reduce job stress and staff
turnover
Improve timeliness for medication
delivery

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Disadvantages:
Complexity and function variation
Requires additional staff training and
technical help
Downtime system failure and inflexibility
Cost and space issues

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Bioelectric
Medicines:

Bioelectric medicine is an instrument,

apparatus, implement, machine, implant ,
invitro reagent or other similar or related
article, including a component part

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BIOSENSORS:
It is a sensor that integrates a biological
element with a physiochemical transducer to
produce an electronic signal proportional to
a single analyte which is then conveyed to a
detector.

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Componen
ts:
Biosensor
or

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Working principle:
Analyte diffuses from the solution to the
surface of the Biosensor.
Analyte reacts specifically & efficiently
with the Biological Component of the
Biosensor.
This reaction changes the physicochemical
properties of the Transducer surface.
This leads to a change in the
optical/electronic properties of the
Transducer Surface.
The change in the optical/electronic
properties is measured/ converted into
electrical signal, which is detected. 28
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Elements of
biosensors:

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Advantages:
Highly Specific.
Independent of Factors like stirring,
pH, etc.
Linear response, Tiny &
Biocompatible.
Easy to Use, Durable.
Rapid, Accurate, Stable &
Sterilizable.

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Types:
Based on bioreceptors:
1) Enzyme biosensors
2) Microbial biosensors
3) Affinity biosensors Based on transduser:
4) Potentiometric (to determine the concentration of a given
analyte)

5) Amperometric (Amperometry is used in electrophysiology to

study vesicle release events using a carbon fiber electrode. )

6) Conductometric (measurement of electrolytic conductivity to

monitor a progress of chemical reaction.)

7) Optical (The optical pH patch is one such device, which combines a

pH sensor onto an adhesive disc that is attached to the bioreactor surface.,
cell culture study ) 32
Applications of Biosensors
Food Analysis.
Study of Biomolecules & their
Interaction.
Drug Development.
Crime Detection.
Medical Diagnosis (Clin & Lab).
Environmental Field Monitoring.
Quality Control.
Industrial Process Control.
Detection Systems for Biological Warfare
Agents.
Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals &
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Replacement organs.
REFERENCES
U.S food and administration. Paving the
way for personalized medicine.
Kevin J Tracey ‘Molecular Mechanism of
Bioelectrical Medicine.
 3D printing technology in
pharmaceutical drug delivery
 Three dimensional printing in
pharmaceutics
Personalized medicine-NCBI-NIH
 Science Direct; THE Faces of
personalized medicine

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THANK
YOU
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