3 Attention

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Cognitive

Processes and
Human
Decision-Making
Cognition in Psychology

 How People Think and What's Involved in This Process


 Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in
gaining knowledge and comprehension.

 Some of the many different cognitive processes include thinking,


knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving.

 These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass


language, imagination, perception, and planning.

 Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology that investigates


how people think and the processes involved in cognition.
Types of Cognitive Processes

 Attention: Attention is a cognitive process that allows people to focus on a specific


stimulus in the environment.
 Language: Language and language development are cognitive processes that
involve the ability to understand and express thoughts through spoken and written
words. This allows us to communicate with others and plays an important role in
thought.
 Learning: Learning requires cognitive processes involved in taking in new things,
synthesizing information, and integrating it with prior knowledge.
 Memory: Memory is an important cognitive process that allows people to encode,
store, and retrieve information. It is a critical component in the learning process and
allows people to retain knowledge about the world and their personal histories.
 Perception: Perception is a cognitive process that allows people to take in
information through their senses, then utilize this information to respond and
interact with the world.
 Thought: Thought is an essential part of every cognitive process. It allows people to
engage in decision-making, problem-solving, and higher reasoning.
Impact of Cognition
 Perceiving the World

As you take in sensations from the world around you, the


information that you see, hear, taste, touch, and smell must first be
transformed into signals that the brain can understand. The
perceptual process allows you to take in this sensory information
and convert it into a signal that your brain can recognize and act
upon.
 Forming Impressions

The world is full of an endless number of sensory experiences. To


make meaning out of all this incoming information, it is important
for the brain to be able to capture the fundamentals. Events are
reduced to only the critical concepts and ideas that we need.
 Filling in the Gaps

In addition to reducing information to make it more memorable and


understandable, people also elaborate on these memories as they
reconstruct them. In some cases, this elaboration happens when
people are struggling to remember something. When the
information cannot be recalled, the brain sometimes fills in the
missing data with whatever seems to fit.
 Interacting With the World

Cognition involves not only the things that go on inside our heads
but also how these thoughts and mental processes influence our
actions.
Our attention to the world around us, memories of past events,
understanding of language, judgments about how the world works,
and abilities to solve problems all contribute to how we behave and
interact with our surrounding environment.
My Wife and My Mother-In-Law, by
the cartoonist W. E. Hill, 1915
 Young participants would be likely to see the young woman
facing away from the observer, while older participants would be
more inclined to perceive the older lady facing the observer.
 The cognitive engineering approach takes special consideration
of mental skills such as problem-solving and diagnosis.
 Its main areas of application include process safety, decision
making/problem solving, and abnormal situations, which are
often encountered in digitalized operations.

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