BIOENERGETICS

By: Dr Syeda Aqeela Zehra

 Bioenerge
ticsinto different forms
• Capturing and conversion of energy
• In living organisms
• Utilization of energy in metabolic activities
ROLE OF
ATP

Releases 7.3
kcal/mole energy
ENERGY CURRENCY OF
THE CELL
Photosynth
esis
Kitchen
of the
Plant
STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST

(Contain pigments
on its membrane)

1 cell contain 20-100

chloroplasts
STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPHYLL

Chlorophyll a
(Blue green) (Yellow green)

Chlorophyll b
Long wavelength Short wavelength
Low energy High energy
STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light dependent
reaction
 LUMEN

MEMBRANE

Membrane contains : STROMA

Two photosystems (PS)
Antenna/
 CONTENTS OF
PHOTOSYSTEMS
Reaction centre
Primary e-
acceptor

Electron carriers Electron

carriers

Chlorophyll
LIGHT
REACTION
GOALS OF LIGHT
REACTION
THYLAKOID PROTEIN: PS
II (680)

H+ pumped into thylakoid lumen across concentration gradient.

Primary e-
acceptor
THYLAKOID
PROTEIN: Pq
Pq
THYLAKOID PROTEIN: cytochrome
complex
 Cyt
complex
Pq

H+
Lumen of thylakoid H+
H+
THYLAKOID
PROTEIN: Pc
 Cyt
complex
Pq

Pc
THYLAKOID PROTEIN: PS
I (700)
Pc

e- recovered
THYLAKOID
PROTEIN: Fd
Fd
THYLAKOID PROTEIN: NADP
Reductase
 NADP Reductase

NADPH is produced in
membrane
Purpose of
NADPH
THYLAKOID PROTEIN: ATP
Synthase
PHOTO
PHOSPHORYLATION
This is called
chemiosmosis
 Important
events:
1.Photolysis of water
2.Reduction of NADP to NADPH
3.ATP formation by photo phosphorylation
Types of electron
transport chain
 Non cyclic electron
transport

ATP and NADPH both are produced in equal quantities

Cyclic electron
transfer
Cyclic electron
transfer

Only ATP is produced

ATP
Synthase
Purpose of cyclic electron
transfer
 Light independent
reaction dark
reaction
calvin pentose
reductive benson cycle
phosphate cycle C3
photosynthesis

Atmospheric CO2 Conversion Glucose

CALVIN
CYCLE
Calvin cycle occurs in
stroma
Overview of Calvin
• Total reactions = 13
cycle
• Enzymes usee= 11
Overview of Calvin
cycle
Phase 1: CARBON FIXATION/
CARBOXYLATION
•Reactant
1.: CO2 (1 Carbon) 2019 CO2 acceptor (2016)
2. Ribulose biphosphate/ RuBP
(5 Carbons)
•Enzyme: Ribulose 1,5
biphosphate carboxylase/
Rubisco
•Result:
1. Unstable Intermediate
compund (6 carbons)
2. Glycerate 3 phosphate/ G3P/
3PGA (3 carbons)

•3 times
We
Energy get used:ADP NADP+
1 ATP
To light reaction Phase 2:
1 NADPH
From light reaction
REDUCTION

Glycerate 1,3
biphosphate

Exchange its P
for H
 Phase 3:
Total energy used:
9 ATPs REGENERATION
6 NADPH

Require
s
energy
 Photorespirat
•High crop yields areion
pretty important.
•Photorespiration is a wasteful pathway that happens
when plants close their stomata (leaf pores) to reduce
water loss or due to High temperature.
•occurs when the Calvin cycle enzyme rubisco acts on
oxygen rather than carbon dioxide.
•The majority of plants are C3, which have no special
features to combat photorespiration.
 C3
•A "normal" plant, one plants
that doesn't have
photosynthetic
adaptations to reduce
photorespiration, is
called a C3 plant.
•85% of the plant
species are C3.
• e.g. rice, wheat,
soybeans and all trees.
 C4 plants: hot sunny
areas
• In C4 plants, the light-dependent reactions
(in mesophyll cells) and the Calvin cycle (in
bundle sheath cells) are physically separated.
• CO2 is accepted by a non-rubisco enzyme,
PEP carboxylase, that has no tendency to
bind O2.
• Mesophyll cells constantly pump CO2 into
neighboring bundle-sheath cells in the form
of malate, so there’s always a high
concentration of CO2 relative to O2 around
rubisco. This strategy minimizes
photorespiration.
• used in about 3% of all vascular plants e.g.
crabgrass, sugarcane and corn.
 CAM plants: very hot and
dry areas
• CAM plants separate these processes
in time.
• At night, CAM plants open their
stomata, allowing CO2 to diffuse into
the leaves which is then fixed into
oxaloacetate by PEP carboxylase
(same as C4).
• then converted to malate or another
type of organic acid and stored
inside vacuoles until the next day.
• In the daylight, the CAM plants do
not open their stomata, but they can
still photosynthesize.
Cellular
respiration
 OVERVIE
W
• Metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces
ATP.
 Stages of cellular respiration

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation
3. citric acid or Krebs
cycle
4. oxidative
phosphorylation
(most ATPs produced)
powered by the
movement of
electrons
Glycoly
sis
 Step 1 ENERGY
INVESTMEN
T PHASE
2 ATP Used

Step 3

Step 5
Unstable
 (Unstable)

Key
Enzyme

6 carbon 3 carbon
 ENERGY
RELEASIN
G PHASE
Step 6 We get:
4 ATPs
Step 7 2 NADH (have to
be recycled)

Step 10
 (Oxidised)

(Reduced)

Enter into
next Krebs
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
 (Lose e-)

(Accepts e-)

2×
In mitochondrial matrix
2 NADPH produced
 Kreb’s cycle
Citric acid cycle
tricarboxylic acid
cycle
 1

Key enzyme 3
a-ketoglutrate

Malate
Key enzyme 4
6 Succinyl coA
fumarate 5
succinate
Total steps= 8/9 ×2 We get:
6
NADH
2
FADH2
2
ATP/GT
P
 Where’s all the ATP?

•You may be thinking that the ATP output of the citric acid
cycle seems pretty unimpressive. All that work for just
one ATP?
•It’s true that the citric acid cycle doesn’t produce much ATP
directly. However, it can make a lot of NADH and FADH2.
These electron carriers will connect with the last portion of
cellular respiration, depositing their electrons into the
electron transport chain to drive synthesis of ATP molecules
through oxidative phosphorylation.
 OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
Electron transport chain Chemiosmosis
The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic
molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to
another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these
reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to
make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis. Together, the electron
transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative
O2
• Delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH .Reduced electron
carriers (NADH and FADH ) from other steps of cellular respiration
transfer their electrons to molecules near the beginning of the
transport chain. In the process, they turn back into NAD and FAD,
which can be reused in other steps of cellular respiration.
• Electron transfer and proton pumping. As electrons are
passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower
energy level, releasing energy. Some of the energy is used to
pump H ions, moving them out of the matrix and into the
intermembrane space. This pumping establishes an
electrochemical gradient.
• Splitting of oxygen to form water. At the end of the electron
transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen,
which splits in half and takes up H to form water.
CHEMIOSMOSIS Energy stored in gradient, used to do work
•Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP. As H ions flow down their
gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme
called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to
synthesize ATP.
1 NADH= 2.5 ATPs
1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATPs
Anaerobic
respiration
In animals
muscles LACTIC ACID
FERMENTATION
In bacteria
In fungi ALCOHOLIC
FERMENTATION