Quarter 3 || Module 1

VOLCANOES
Unit 3: Earth and Space
Overview
• What will students learn about Earth and Space in Grade 9?
• As in the previous grade, there will be three modules in this
quarter. Module 1 is about Volcanoes, Module 2 is about Climate
and Module 3 is about Constellations.
• In Module 1, we continue to make use of our observations in the
environment. We emphasize our location along the Ring of Fire.
As learned in Grade 8, the Philippines is prone to earthquakes. At
grade 9, we will still give emphasis on the location of the
Philippines but as a home to volcanoes.
• Just like any country along the Ring of Fire, we, too, have active
and inactive volcanoes that continuously shape the Earth’s
surface. These volcanoes can be described in different ways.
Active volcanoes have different features based on their activities
and emissions.
Unit 3: Earth and Space
• Likewise, volcanoes have energy that can be tapped for
human use. After all, volcanism is not all bad. As part of the
disaster risk reduction, we must also point out how the
negative effects of volcanic eruption can be minimized
through disaster awareness.
• In Module 2, we find out the difference between weather
and climate. We look into the different factors affecting the
climate of an area such as altitude, latitude, distance from
the ocean, and presence of landmass.
• Since the Philippines is located just north of the equator,
we have a tropical climate. Unlike other countries with a
wide range of temperature during the course of the year,
we experience a minimal difference. What are other
variations that we experience?
Unit 3: Earth and Space
• We also look into certain climatic phenomena that occur
on a global level. We talk further about greenhouse effect
discussed in Grade 7. In Grade 9, we will relate it with
global warming or climate change. We have to make our
students aware of risks of climate change and how its
effects can be lessened.
• In Module 3, we will take up constellations. In grade 5, the
students were introduced to star patterns. In Grade 9, the
word constellation will be used. The relationship between
the constellations in the sky and Earth’s position along its
orbit will be given emphasis. Likewise, we have to assist
our students make inferencesinfer about the
characteristics of the stars based on the characteristics of
the Sun.
Quarter 3 || Module 1

VOLCANOES
INTRODUCTION:
The Philippines is located along the Ring of
Fire. As a result, it is a home to many volcanoes.
INTRODUCTION:
The most famous among our volcanoes is the Mayon
Volcano that has erupted last May 7, 2013 while a
group of hikers were exploring its beauty.
INTRODUCTION:
In September 2014, signs of eruption was observed
result to mass evacuation from the nearby community.
Volcanic activities where recorded but no eruption take place.
INTRODUCTION:
After nearly four years
of relative peace, the
country’s most active volcano
once again unleashes the
power beneath its
picturesque “perfect cone”.
January 15- March 25, 2018.
(CNN Philippines, Jan 30
2018)
INTRODUCTION:
Who could forget the terrible eruption of Pinatubo
Volcano in 1992 after 600 years of inactivity?
INTRODUCTION:
Based on statistics, in the first five years following the
eruption, lahars destroyed the homes of more than
100,000 people.
INTRODUCTION:
Lahars also covered about 120,000 hectares with
sediment to an average depth of about one meter,
and floods spread rock debris over a larger area.
INTRODUCTION:
The eruption also affected other countries as its
emissions in the atmosphere lowered the air
temperature.
INTRODUCTION:
• According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), our country is an ideal
site for any volcanic activity. It is therefore,
important for us to know how this natural
phenomenon happens to reduce the risks and
effects it may cause.

Pre-Assessment
A closer look:
An erupting volcano poses danger to any life form.
Volcanoes extrude deadly gases, spew water with
extremely high temperatures, and make the changes
during and in between eruptions are interest
particularly to scientists and even photographers.
Morphology of Volcanoes

More than half of the world’s 1900 active volcanoes

are concentrated in countries along the rim of the
pacific ocean.
Morphology of Volcanoes

This counties makeup what is known as the Pacific Ring of

Fire, an area characterized by frequent earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
Morphology of Volcanoes
Mantle, which spans about 2 890 km thick. The
mantle is composed of dense but malleable rocks in
the upper layer and denser but solid rocks in the
lower layer.
Morphology of Volcanoes
Tectonic plates that comprise the crust are in constant but
slow motion, moving towards each other, drifting away from
each other, or overriding each other with the heaver tectonic
plate sinking to the mantle and the lighter plate rising above
in a process called subduction.
Morphology of Volcanoes
The dynamics of plate movements involves an
increase in friction and pressure, generating
extremely high temperatures and causing rocks to
melt.
Morphology of Volcanoes
The semi-molten (not totally liquid) rock is called magma,
which tries to escape upward through space between plates
towards cooler areas on the crust.
Morphology of Volcanoes
Once the magma reaches the crust, it is called lava which
flows over the surface, building layer upon layer until a
volcano is formed.
Morphology of Volcanoes
A volcano is an elevated landform with an opening at the top
called the crater, from where lava and other rock fragments,
stream gases. Ashes, heat, and other volcanic materials are
ejected.
What is a volcano?
Since you were in elementary, you have heard about
volcanoes. But do you know what a volcano is? To
find out, let’s do the following activity.

Activity No. 1
Volcano concept map
What is a volcano?
In activity 1, you have described what a
volcano is. The next thing to do is to classify them.
Do you have an idea how they are classified? Let’s
find out in the next activity.

Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales

Philippines
Classification of VOLCANOS
There are several ways by which volcanoes can be
classified. PHIVOLCS have adapted a system where the
Philippine volcanoes as active or inactive.
Active volcanoes are those that have a record of eruption
within the last 600 years or those that erupted 10, 000 years
ago based on analyses of its materials.
Classification of VOLCANOS
Inactive volcanoes, on the other hand, are those
that have not erupted for the last 10, 000 years and
their physical form is being changed by agents of
weathering and erosion through formation of deep
and long gullies.
Classification of VOLCANOS
According to PHIVOLCS, our country has more
than a hundred volcanoes as of 2013. Twenty-three
are active while the rest are inactive. Some of these
volcanoes will be mentioned in the next activity.
Classification of VOLCANOS
Perform the next activity to classify the volcanoes
according to their record of eruption.

Activity No. 2
Volcanoes in the Philippines
Classification of VOLCANOS
Volcanoes are classified as active, inactive, or extinct.
This classification depends on the volcano’s history or
activity.
Classification of VOLCANOS
Active volcanoes exhibit volcanic activity such as
rumbling, crater glow, eruption, earthquakes within
the last 10 000 years.
Classification of VOLCANOS
• Inactive volcanoes show no historical records of
eruption in the past 10 000 years. However, these
volcanoes have the potential to erupt. Such as
dormant or potentially active. Extinct volcanoes
have no record of eruption. They do not have a
magma supply.

Volcanoes in the Philippines

Viscosity:
VISCOSITY – the resistance to flow.
Lavas differ in their rate of flow due to their viscosity.
More viscous lava flows slower than the less viscous ones.
Viscosity:
Bubbles move slowly in a more viscous liquid such as in
syrup. Relating this observation with magma it can be said
that magma with a large amount of gas is less viscous than
that of magma with less amount of gas.
Viscosity:
Now that you have differentiated an active
volcano from an inactive one, the next question
could be: what causes the volcanoes to erupt? Let’s
find out in the next activity.

Activity No. 3
Under pressure
In the activity, we have seen the effect of
temperature on the amount of gas that can be
produced in a liquid. What is the role of pressure in
the setup?

The accumulated gas inside the bottle has increased

the pressure causing the liquid to rush out of the
bottle.
 Let us relate this concept to what is happening
inside the volcano. Magma inside the volcano has high
temperature.

Mt. Mayon, Albay

Philippines
 As the magma is continuously heated, it goes
up. As it rises, gas bubbles are developed.
 The gas bubbles are trapped and expand causing
the molten material to swell also, resulting in a
gradual increase in pressure within the volcano.

Mt. Mayon, Albay

Philippines
 When the pressure exceeds the strength of the
overlying rock, fracturing occurs. The resulting breaks
lead to a further drop in confining pressure, which in
turn causes even more gas bubbles to form.

Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales

Philippines
 Lava may appear to be the primary material
ejected from a volcano, but this is not always the
case. Aside from lava, broken rocks, lava bombs, fine
ash and dust are also ejected.

Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales

Philippines
 Does this have any effect on the volcanic shape?
Let’s find out how.
Volcanic landforms
and eruptive styles
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Taal Volcano, Batangas
PHILIPPINES
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Taal Volcano, Batangas
PHILIPPINES
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Taal Volcano, Batangas
PHILIPPINES
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Taal Volcano, Batangas
PHILIPPINES
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales
PHILIPPINES
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Bulusan, Sursogon
Philippines
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Mayon, Albay
Philippines
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Etna, ITALY
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Etna, ITALY
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Vesuvius, ITALY
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Vesuvius, ITALY
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mount Fuji, JAPAN
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mount Sakurajima, JAPAN
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Bromo, INDONESIA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Krakatoa-Krakatau, INDONESIA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. Merapi , INDONESIA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mt. St. Helen, Washington
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Yellowstone Caldera
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Arenal Volcano, COSTA RICA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Cotopaxi, ECUADOR
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Eyjafjallajökull, ICELAND
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Thrihnukagigur, ICELAND
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Galeras, COLUMBIA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Kilauea Volcano, HAWAII
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mauna Loa, HAWAII
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mauna Loa, HAWAII
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Kilimanjaro, TANZANIA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Popocatepetl, MEXICO
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Popocatepetl, MEXICO
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Ulawun, PAPUA NEW GUINEA
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mount Tarawera, New Zealand
 Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Mount Nyiragongon, Virunga
Mountains of east-central Africa
Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
Volcanoes come in different shapes and sizes,
and each structure has a unique history of eruption.
Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
However, volcanologists have been able to
classify them according to their landforms and
eruptive patterns.
Volcanic landforms and eruptive styles
We have considered the three general volcanic
types according to the shape of their cones: namely:
shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and composite cones.
Types of volcanic
The three major types of volcano are the:
a. Stratovolcano
b. Shield volcano
c. Cinder volcano
Types of volcanic
A stratovolcano is formed by highly viscous or thick,
slow-moving lava.
Types of volcanic
Also termed as composite cone volcano, it has steep
upper slopes and relaxed lower slopes, a small crater
at its summit…
Types of volcanic
Stratovolcanoes are dangerous. When they explode,
an area of the volcano may collapse, forming a larger
crater and depression called a caldera. Most
volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire are
stratovolcanoes.
Types of volcanic
Composite volcanoes may have been formed from
multiple eruptions thousands of years apart…
Types of volcanic
… layered lava and volcanic materials, or composites
of more than one vent.
Types of volcanic
During an eruption, lava is spewed out, followed by
ash and pyroclastic materials which flow down the
sides of the summit. Afterwards, thick lava flows out
and traps the ash and other materials on the steep
slope.
 Types of volcanic
stratovolcano
AS
H

ASH FLOW VENT

LAVA FLOW

Flank
eruption DYKE

SILL
Magma
Deposit
Types of volcanic
The magma from composite volcanoes has high
levels of dissolved gases and silica.
Types of volcanic
Example of stratovolcanoes are the majestic Mayon
Volcano, noted for its near perfect symmetric cone;
Types of volcanic
Example of stratovolcanoes are the Mt. Pinatubo in
Luzon;
Types of volcanic
Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa,
Types of volcanic
Example of stratovolcanoes the Mt. Vesuvius in Italy,
noted for its destroying the ancient city of Pompei;
Types of volcanic
Example of stratovolcanoes the Mt. Fujiyama in
Japan.
Types of volcanic
A shield volcano is formed by loose and fluid lava
that flows over each other. The shield volcano is
usually low and broad, resembling a warrior’s
armored shield or a gigantic blob.
Types of volcanic
The lava does not shoot up high in the air in a violent
explosion. Instead, lava just flows and runs down the
side of the crater, increasing the size of the volcano.
Types of volcanic
The magma of a shield volcanoes contains lower
amounts of dissolved gases and silica.
 Types of volcanic
b. Shield volcano

Summit
Caldera
Lava flow

Flank VENT
eruption

Magma
chamber
Types of volcanic
Examples of shield volcano are island volcanoes of
Hawaii such as the Kilauea,
Types of volcanic
Mauna Kea
Types of volcanic
Mauna Loa
Types of volcanic
Such volcanoes have a very large, steep-walled
caldera on the summit.
Types of volcanic
c. Cinder cone volcano (scoria cone)
A cinder cone, also known as scoria cone, is formed
by fluid lava that is ejected because of high pressure
that builds up in the magma chamber.
Types of volcanic
Volcanic eruptions of cinder cones are short-lived
and appear like a wild fountain show of fiery lava
spewed high in the air.
Types of volcanic
As the lava cools on its descent, the rock break down
and form the steep conical landscape of the cinder
volcano
Types of volcanic
The cinder cone volcano is reported to have appeared in a
Mexican cornfield on February 20, 1943.
Types of volcanic
Within weeks, it was as tall as a five-story building. By the end
of the year, it had grown to more than 336 meters tall.
Types of volcanic
It stopped at 424 meters in 1952.
Types of volcanic
c. Cinder cone volcano (scoria cone)
ASHES

crater

Cinder
VENT beds

Magma
chamber
 Types of volcanic
Other examples of cinder cone volcanoes include
Mojave volcano in the desert in California, USA;

In the middle of the Mojave National Preserve

lies the Cima Volcanic Field.
Types of volcanic
Cerro Negro, an active cinder cone in Nicaragua
Types of volcanic
Mount Fox in Queensland in Australia.
Types of volcanic