Automotive Electronics II

Automotive Electronics II
Year III
Semester II
AUTOMOBILE DIESEL FUEL ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
• Electronic Diesel Control is a diesel engine fuel injection control system for the precise
metering and delivery of fuel into the combustion chamber of modern diesel engines used
in trucks and cars.
Contd..
COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM(CRDI)
• Common rail is a fuel injection system found in modern diesel engines.

• Common rail systems provide a level of flexibility which can be exploited for class leading
emission control, power and fuel consumption.
• The fuel in an electronically controlled engine is stored at variable pressure in a cylinder or
‘rail’ connected to the engine’s fuel injectors via individual pipes, making it a ‘common rail’ to
all the injectors.
• The pressure is controlled by a fuel pump but it is the fuel injectors, working in parallel with
the fuel pump, that control the timing of the fuel injection and the amount of fuel injected.
• In contrast earlier mechanical systems rely on the fuel pump for pressure, timing and quantity.
• CRDI ensures the fuel injection timing, quantity of fuel and atomisation or fuel spray are
controlled electronically using a programmable control module.
• This allows multiple injections at any pressure at any time (within pre-defined limits),
providing a level of flexibility which can be exploited for better power, fuel consumption and
emission control.
Contd..
Contd..
Block diagram of CRDI
Hundai Libero
What Is a TCU? Transmission Control Unit
• It has the same principle as an ECU.
• Using input sensors it gathers data then compares it to its on board memory and
then sends out a signal accordingly to manage the output to what its memory
recommends.
• All this is done to keep the performance optimal.
Inputs
• These are the sensors giving the information to the TCU ranging from engine
sensors to gear sensors. Some of these are mentioned below.
• VEHICLE SPEED SENSOR (VSS)
• The VSS allows the TCU to figure out when a gear shift would be necessary by
determining the current speed of the car. The VSS alone however isn’t enough and
the TCU needs more sensors.
Contd..
• WHEEL SPEED SENSOR (WSS)
• The WSS helps determine the true speed of the vehicle and with the ratio of VSS to
WSS the TCU can provide gear shifts that are both economical and smooth.
• The WSS also helps determine if the car is going uphill or downhill which in turn
lets the TCU know if a gear shift is necessary.
Contd..
• THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR (TPS)
• One of the major inputs for the TCU, the TPS provides information about the
possible gear change according to the load on the engine.
• The change in load on the engine allows it to determine if a downshift or upshift of
gear is required in the current condition.
Contd..
• TURBINE SPEED SENSOR (TSS)
• The TSS sends data about the rotational speed of the torque converter.
• This helps TCU figure out if there is the slippage or not.
• It will then lock up the torque converter to prevent anymore slippage. This helps
with the fuel economy.
Contd..
• TRANSMISSION FLUID TEMPERATURE SENSOR (TFT)

• This may also be known as Transmission Oil Temperature.
• This sensor determines the fluid temperature inside the transmission
• On more modern transmissions this input allows the TCU to modify the line
pressure and solenoid pressures according to the changing viscosity of the fluid
based on temperature in order to improve shift comfort, and also to determine
regulation of the torque converter lock-up clutch.
KICK DOWN SWITCH
• Kick down is a mechanism in automatic cars that allows the driver to drop a gear,
by using the movement of the accelerator pedal.
• By dropping a gear, the car’s able to gain a burst of power and acceleration
through increased engine revs, just as it would in a manual car.
• Overtaking a vehicle
• Going uphill
• Towing something heavy
Brake light switch
• This input is used to determine whether to activate the shift lock solenoid to prevent
the driver from selecting a driving range with no foot on the brake.
• In more modern TCUs this input is also used to determine whether to downshift the
transmission to increase engine braking effect if the transmission detects that the
vehicle is going downhill
Traction Control System (TCS)
• Many TCUs now have an input from the vehicle's traction control system.
• If the TCS detects unfavourable road conditions, a signal is sent to the TCU.
• The TCU can modify shift programmes by upshifting early, eliminating the torque
converter lock-up clutch application, and also eliminating the first gear totally and
pulling off in 2nd.
• The traction control system detects if any of the wheels are losing their grip on the
road.
• Once located, it automatically corrects the problem to ensure the car's stability
Cruise control module
• If the vehicle is fitted with cruise control the TCU may also have a connection
to cruise control system.
• This can modify shift behaviour to take into account the throttle is not being
operated by the driver to eliminate unexpected gear changes when the cruise
control is engaged.
• This is also used to inform the cruise control system about the position of the
selector lever so that the cruise control can be deactivated if the lever is
shifted out of a driving range.
Inputs from other controllers
• A wide variety of information is delivered to the TCU via Controller Area

Network communications or similar protocols (such as Chrysler's CCD bus, an
early EIA-485-based vehicle local area network).
• In older vehicle designs, as well as in aftermarket TCUs sold into the racing and
hobbyist markets, the TCU receives only the signals needed to control the
transmission (engine speed, vehicle speed, throttle position or manifold vacuum,
shift lever position).
OUTPUT
The typical modern TCU sends out signals to shift solenoids, pressure control solenoids,
torque converter lockup solenoids and to other electronic controllers
SHIFT LOCK
 Many automatic transmissions lock the selector lever via a shift lock solenoid to stop
a driving range being selected if the brake pedal is not depressed.
 A shift lock is a safety feature that prevents the driver from shifting the car out of
park without first pressing the brake pedal.
 This is a safety feature to prevent accidents caused by unintended gear changes, and
to prevent the car from rolling away if it is parked on a hill.
 Not all cars have this feature, but most cars manufactured after 2002 have it as a
requirement of federal regulations.
 Your brake pedal has a switch that sends a 12V signal to the shifter solenoid to
release the lock mechanism when the brake pedal is depressed.
Contd..
SHIFT SOLENOID
 A shift solenoid is a computer controlled, electronically activated component of an
automatic transmission system.
 The transmission solenoid is a type of electromechanical valve that controls the
flow of fluid.
 There are multiple shift solenoids in a transmission.
 They are responsible to open/close certain valves in the transmission to regulate the
flow of the transmission fluid, which causes the transmission to actually shift gears.
 Transmission fluid is critical to the function of the transmission.
 Transmission solenoids are powered by an electrical current supplied by the
transmission controller or computer.
 This is how it works: the transmission computer sends out instructions to the
individual transmission solenoids in the pack which then direct transmission fluid
to specific clutch packs or servo valves in order to control gear shifting to suit the
given driving conditions and engine requirements.
 A transmission solenoid generally consists of nine parts that all must work
together in order for your transmission to properly operate.
Contd..
PRESSURE CONTROL SOLENOIDS
 A transmission pressure control solenoid is an electrical component located in an
automatic transmission.
 It is responsible for regulating the hydraulic pressure inside the transmission by
controlling the flow of transmission fluid.
 When the TCM signals the transmission pressure control solenoid to open, it allows
transmission fluid to flow into a specific channel or valve body, increasing the
pressure in that part of the transmission.
 By regulating the pressure, the solenoid helps ensure proper shifting and prevents
damage to the transmission.
Contd..
TORQUE CONVERTER CLUTCH SOLENOID (TCC)
 Most electronic automatic transmissions utilize a TCC solenoid to regulate the
torque converter electronically.
 Once fully locked, the torque converter no longer applies torque multiplication
and will spin at the same speed as the engine.
 This provides a major increase in fuel economy.
 Modern designs provide partial lockup in lower gears to improve fuel economy
further, but this can increase wear on the clutch components.
Contd..
Output to ECU
 Many TCUs provide an output to the ECU to retard the ignition timing, or reduce
the fuel quantity, for a few milliseconds to reduce load on the transmission during
heavy throttle.
 This allows automatic transmissions to shift smoothly even on engines with large
amounts of torque which would otherwise result in a harder shift and possible
damage to the gearbox.
Outputs to other controllers
 The TCU provides information about the health of the transmission,

such as clutch wear indicators and shift pressures, and can raise
trouble codes and set the malfunction indicator lamp on the
instrument cluster if a serious problem is found.
 An output to the cruise control module is also often present to
deactivate the cruise control if a neutral gear is selected, just like on a
manual transmission
CHECK ENGINE LIGHT OR MALFUNCTION
INDICATOR LAMP (MIL)
 It is a tell-tale that a computerized engine-management system used to indicate a
malfunction or problem with the vehicle ranging from minor (such as a loose gas
cap) to serious (worn spark plugs, engine problems or a faulty oil valve, etc.).
 Found on the instrument panel of most automobiles, it usually bears the legend
engine, check engine, service engine soon, maintenance required, emiss ion
maintenance or a pictogram of an engine and when illuminated, it is typically an
amber or red colour.
The light generally has two stages:

 steady (indicating a minor repairable fault, but service on the vehicle is strongly
recommended as soon as possible to prevent future damage)
 flashing (indicating a severe fault and an emergency that makes the vehicle unsafe to
drive and it is strongly recommended that the vehicle gets mechanical attention straight
away).
 When the MIL is lit, the engine control unit stores a fault code related to the malfunction,
which can be retrieved although in many models this requires the use of a scan tool.
 This warning light can indicate almost anything from a loose gas cap to a serious knock or
fault in the engine

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Automotive Electronics II

• Common rail is a fuel injection system found in modern diesel engines.

• TRANSMISSION FLUID TEMPERATURE SENSOR (TFT)

• A wide variety of information is delivered to the TCU via Controller Area

 The TCU provides information about the health of the transmission,

The light generally has two stages:

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