Lymphatic System

Lymphatic system
Part-I : Organization of the lymphatic system

Human Physiology(BCH201)
Learning objectives
 Different parts of the lymphatic system
 Importance of the lymphatic system

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 Lymphatic system includes the cells,tissues and organs
responsible for defending the body.
 Acts against both external(pathogen) and internal(cancer
cells) threats.
 The lymphatic system consists of:
 Lymph
 Lymphatics
 Lymphoid tissue
 Lymphoid organ
 Lymphocytes and small number of phagocytes

FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
 To produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes.
 Lymphoid tissue and organs produce and store most of
the lymphocytes.
 Lymphocytes circulate within blood and are able to enter
and leave capillaries.
 Serves to maintain blood volume.
 Absorption of fat and fat soluble substances.

Lymphatic channel of the body
 Lymph vessels from the lower part of the body eventually empty
into the thoracic duct, which in turn empties into the blood venous
system at the juncture of the left internal jugular vein and left
subclavian vein.
 Lymph from the left side of the head, the left arm, and parts of the
chest region also enters the thoracic duct before it empties into the
veins.
 Lymph from the right side of the neck and head, the right arm, and
parts of the right thorax enters the right lymph duct (much smaller
than the thoracic duct), which empties into the blood venous
system at the juncture of the right subclavian vein and internal
jugular vein.
.
 Terminal Lymphatic Capillaries and Their
Permeability

 Most of the fluid filtering from the arterial ends of

blood capillaries flows among the cells and finally is
reabsorbed back into the venous ends of the blood
Capillaries. Quantity of lymph is normally only 2 to 3
liters each day.
Formation of Lymph and composition

 Lymph is derived from interstitial fluid that flows

into the lymphatics. Therefore, lymph as it first
enters the terminal lymphatics has almost the same
composition as the interstitial fluid.
 Nutrient flow through the lymphatic system

 The protein concentration in the interstitial fluid of most tissues

averages about 2 g/dl, and the protein concentration of lymph
flowing from these tissues is near this value. Conversely, lymph
formed in the liver has a protein concentration as high as 6 g/dl,
and lymph formed in the intestines has a protein concentration
as high as 3 to 4 g/dl.
Flow through lymphatic vessels
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdYxx4CHb
-A
 Nutrient flow through the lymphatic system
 The lymphatic system is also one of the major routes

for absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal
tract, especially for absorption of virtually all fats in
food.
 Finally, even large particles, such as bacteria, can
push their way between the endothelial cells of the
lymphatic capillaries and in this way enter the lymph.
As the lymph passes through the lymph nodes, these
particles are almost entirely removed and destroyed.
 LYMPH NODE:
 Lymph node act as a biological filter placed in the
channel of several afferent lymph vessels.
 Once lymph enters the node, it "percolates" slowly
through the spaces known as sinuses before
draining into a single efferent draining vessel.
 Fibrous septa or trabeculae extend from the covering
capsule toward the center of the node.
 Cortical nodules found within the sinuses is
composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a
less dense area called a germinal center.

Formation of antibody in lymphnode
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZv6jpsBO1I
.
 Functions of Lymph Nodes
 Defense functions--filtration and phagocytosis
 Because cancer cells often break away from a

malignant tumor and enter the lymphatics, they
travel to the node, where they may set up new
growths.
 Hematopoiesis
 The lymphatic tissue of lymph nodes serve as the sites

of the final stages of maturation for some types of
lymphocytes and monocytes that have migrated from
the bone marrow.

References
 1. Text book of Medical Physiology( 13 th edition) By
Guyton and Hall
 2.https://www.google.com/search?q=composition+of+the+lymph&sxsrf=ALeKk02rn
FO41jLKm9IzeARjJILfzhua7Q:1594974440502&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=
Ohb1YaxFSUsreM%252CSDQ0_3yDD_4OtM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQt2PSp
rKJX4oDIBxCKcQEYOth-ig&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlu87n7tPqAhUbb30KHR6QA
xkQ_h0wAHoECAQQBA&biw=1296&bih=600#imgrc=reFlfi8XEYP3CM
Thank You
Lymphatic system
 Part-II
 Functions of the lymphatic system
 Human Physiology (BH201)

Learning objectives
 Structure and functions of tonsils, spleen
 T-cell maturation in the thymus
 Tonsil
 Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under
mucous membranes in the mouth and back of the throat.
 Help protect against bacteria that may invade tissues in the
area around the openings between the oral and nasal cavities.
 Palatine tonsils--located on each side of the throat. OH-
Palatine Tonsil

 Pharyngeal tonsils--also known as adenoids are near the

posterior openings of the nasal cavity.
 Lingual tonsils--near the base of the tongue


 The tonsils serve as the first line of defense from the exterior
and as such are subject to chronic infection--tonsillitis.
 Spleen
 Location of the Spleen
 Located in the left hypochondrium directly below the
diaphragm, above the left kidney and descending
colon, and behind the fundus of the stomach
 Functions of the Spleen
 Defense
 As blood passes through the sinusoids,
reticuloendothelial cell (macrophages) lining these
venous spaces remove microorganisms from the
blood and destroy them by phagocytosis.
 Hematopoiesis
 Monocytes and lymphocytes complete their
development to become activated in the spleen.
 Before birth, red blood cells are also formed in the
spleen.
 Red blood cell and platelet destruction.
 Macrophages lining the spleen's sinusoids remove
worn-out red blood cells and imperfect platelets
from the blood and destroy them by phagocytosis.
 Also break apart the hemoglobin molecules from
the destroyed red blood cells and salvage their iron
and globin content by returning them to the blood
stream for storage in bone marrow and liver.
 Blood reservoir
 Pulp of the spleen and its venous sinuses store
considerable blood which can be released during
hemorrhage.
 Thymus: Structure and function
 The thymus is a pinkish-gray color, soft, and
lobulated on its surfaces. At birth it is about 5 cm in
length, 4 cm in breadth, and about 6 mm in thickness.
 Function
 In the two thymic lobes, hematopoietic precursors
from the bone-marrow, referred to as thymocytes,
mature into T-cells. Once mature, T-cells emigrate
from the thymus and constitute the peripheral T-cell
repertoire responsible for directing many facets of the
adaptive immune system.
 Immature thymocytes each make distinct T-cell
receptors by a process of gene rearrangement. This
process is error-prone, and some thymocytes fail to
make functional T-cell receptors, whereas other
thymocytes make T-cell receptors that are
autoreactive.
References
 1. Text book of Medical Physiology( 13 th edition) By
Guyton and Hall
 2.https://www.google.com/search?q=composition+of+the+lymph&sxsrf=ALeKk02rn
FO41jLKm9IzeARjJILfzhua7Q:1594974440502&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=
Ohb1YaxFSUsreM%252CSDQ0_3yDD_4OtM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQt2PSp
rKJX4oDIBxCKcQEYOth-ig&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlu87n7tPqAhUbb30KHR6QA
xkQ_h0wAHoECAQQBA&biw=1296&bih=600#imgrc=reFlfi8XEYP3CM
.
Thank you
very much

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Part-I : Organization of the lymphatic system

 Importance of the lymphatic system

 Lymphocytes and small number of phagocytes

 Absorption of fat and fat soluble substances.

 Most of the fluid filtering from the arterial ends of

 Lymph is derived from interstitial fluid that flows

 The protein concentration in the interstitial fluid of most tissues

 The lymphatic system is also one of the major routes

 Because cancer cells often break away from a

 The lymphatic tissue of lymph nodes serve as the sites

 Human Physiology (BH201)

 Pharyngeal tonsils--also known as adenoids are near the

 Lingual tonsils--near the base of the tongue

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