Ece Mimo

Introduction
MIMO Systems:
 use multiple inputs and multiple outputs from
a single channel
 are defined by Spatial Diversity and Spatial
Multiplexing
What is MIMO?
As we know MIMO is multiple antenna

technology in which more than one antennas
are used at transmitter and receiver stations.
Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing
 Spatial Diversity
◦ Signal copies are transferred from multiple
antennas or received at more than one antenna
◦ redundancy is provided by employing an array of
antennas, with a minimum separation of λ/2
between neighbouring antennas
 Spatial Multiplexing
◦ the system is able to carry more than one data
stream over one frequency, simultaneously
Why MIMO?
 There is always a need for increase in performance
in wireless systems
◦ Significant increase in spectral efficiency and data
rates
◦ High Quality of Service (QoS)
◦ Wide coverage, etc.
 Wireless channel that we are using is very unfriendly
◦ Suffers from Co–channel interference and signal
level fading
◦ It provides a limited bandwidth
◦ power falls off with distance
MIMO System solutions
 By using Multiple Output Multiple Input (MIMO)
systems
◦ Diversity gain mitigates the fading and increases
coverage and improves QoS
◦ Multiplexing gain increases capacity and spectral
efficiency with no additional power or bandwidth
expenditure
◦ Array gain results in an increase in average
receive SNR.
 Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing can be
conflicting goals
Spatial Multiplexing
 MIMO channels can be decomposed into a number of R
parallel independent channels → Multiplexing Gain
◦ Principle: Transmit independent data signals from different
antennas to increase the throughput, capacity.
Source: An Overview of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications

www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/beats/Documents/mimo.pdf
MIMO capacity on fading channels
 The capacity for MIMO systems can have the following

forms (Assuming Tx antennas = Rx antennas = N):
A) If the channel is not known at the transmitter:
 Es  2
C  N log (1    h )
2  N 2  n
 
◦ Where Es is the total power, σ2 is noise level of AWGN
◦ Hence the power is equally shared by each channel
◦ The capacity grows linearly with the number of antennas
B) If the channel is known at the transmitter
N  En  2 
C   log (1     h )
n1  2  2  n 
  
Average capacity of a MIMO Rayleigh
fading channel []
60
55
50
45
40
Average Capacity [bits/sec/Hz]
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR [dB]
N=1 M=1 N=2 M=1 N=1 M=2 N=2 M=2 N=2 M=4 N=2 M=6 N=4 M=4 N=8 M=8
Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3]

Spatial Diversity
 Improves the signal quality and achieves a higher SNR at the
receiver-side
 Principle of diversity relies on the transmission of structured
redundancy
xi yi
Benefits of MIMO
➨There is lower susceptibility of tapping by

unauthorized persons due to multiple antennas and
algorithms.
➨The systems with MIMO offers high QoS (Quality
of Service) with increased spectral efficiency and
data rates.
➨The wide coverage supported by MIMO system
helps in supporting large number of subscribers
per cell.
Drawbacks of MIMO
➨The hardware resources increase power

requirements. Battery gets drain faster due to
processing of complex and computationally
intensive signal processing algorithms. This
reduces battery lifetime of MIMO based devices.
➨MIMO based systems cost higher compare to
single antenna based system due to increased
hardware and advanced software requirements.
Applications of beamforming technology
Applications Description
RADAR Phased array RADAR; air traffic control; synthetic

aperture RADAR
SONAR Source location and classification
Communications Smart antenna systems; Directional transmission and

reception; sector broadcast in satellite communications
Imaging Ultrasonic; optical; tomographic
Geophysical Exploration Earth crust mapping; oil exploration
Astrophysical Exploration High resolution imaging of universe
Biomedical Neuronal spike discrimination; fetal heart monitoring;

tissue hyperthermia; hearing aids
Patterns, beamwidth & Gain
top view(horizontal)
side
lobes
Main lobe
φ1/ 2
nulls
Half-power
beam width
Half-power Half-power
beam width beam width
side view(vertical)
78° θ1/ 2
Isotropic dipole half-wave dipole beamformer

Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas
1) Beamformers have much higher Gain than omnidirectional antennas:

Increase coverage and reduce number of antennas!
GN
Gain:  N2
G1
90
6
6
120 60
4
150 30
Field( 6  0  )
Field( 2  0  ) 7
180 0 0 9.96110
Field( 1  0  )
210 330
240 300
270

2) Beamformers can reject interference while omnidirectional

antennas can’t: Improve SNR and system capacity!
interference null interference
user user
3) Beamformers directionally send down link information to the

users while omnidirectional antennas can’t: save energy!
4) Beamformers provide N-fold diversity Gain of omnidirectional antennas:

increase system capacity(SDMA)
5) Beamformers suppress delay spread:improve signal quality
null
user user
multipath
Beamforming antennas in ad hoc networks
Z0=50,L/2 Z0=25,L/2
Z0=50
Series resonant patch array

interference
Phased patch
antenna
target
Phased patch array

Conclusion
Beamforming antenna systems improve wireless
network performance
-increase system capacity
-improve signal quality
-suppress interference and noise
-save power
Beamforming antennas improve infrastructure
networks performance. They may improve ad hoc
networks performance. New MAC protocol
standards are needed.
Vector antennas may replace spatial arrays to
further improve beamforming performance

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Introduction

As we know MIMO is multiple antenna

Source: An Overview of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications

 The capacity for MIMO systems can have the following

Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3]

➨There is lower susceptibility of tapping by

➨The hardware resources increase power

RADAR Phased array RADAR; air traffic control; synthetic

SONAR Source location and classification

Communications Smart antenna systems; Directional transmission and

Imaging Ultrasonic; optical; tomographic

Geophysical Exploration Earth crust mapping; oil exploration

Astrophysical Exploration High resolution imaging of universe

Biomedical Neuronal spike discrimination; fetal heart monitoring;

Isotropic dipole half-wave dipole beamformer

1) Beamformers have much higher Gain than omnidirectional antennas:

2) Beamformers can reject interference while omnidirectional

interference null interference

3) Beamformers directionally send down link information to the

4) Beamformers provide N-fold diversity Gain of omnidirectional antennas:

5) Beamformers suppress delay spread:improve signal quality

Series resonant patch array

Phased patch array

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