Power Transmission and Distribution

Differential Protection 7UT6

Introduction
Basic principles : Kirchhoff’s knot rule

Basis for Differential-Protection:

I1
I2
I4
I3

I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0  ∑ I = 0

Definition:
Currents, which flow into the knot (protected object), are counted positive.
Currents, which flow out of the knot (protected object), are counted negative.

Protection objects:
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 2

Basic principles: current comparison

IP1 IP2 IP1 IP2

I1F I2F IF
Protected Protected
object object
IS1 IS2 IS1 IS2
IS1 IS2
∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│ ∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│

internal fault external fault or load

Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1 Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IP1 = I1F IP1 = IF
IP2 = I2F IP2 = -IF
IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = │I1F + I2F │ IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = IF - IF = 0
 Trip  no Trip

Requirements for Differential Protection:

1) Internal faults ( faults between CT-sets )  Trip
2) External faults  no Trip

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 3

 Basic principles : restrained current comparison (1/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT-errors

Ct 1: Ct 2:
IP1 ε1= - 5% ε2 = +5% IP2 = -IP1
Protected IF
object

IS1= IS2=
0.95·IP1 IDiff = 0.1·IP1
1.05·IP2
∆I

assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IDiff = │IS1 + IS2 │= │(1+ε1)· IP1 + (1+ε2)·IP2 │=│0.95· IP1 – 1.05· IP1│= 0.1·IP1

-normal operation: IP1 = IN

IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 0.1·IN

-external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10·IN

IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 1·IN
As the setting IDiff> for usual applications
lays below nominal current, Restrained characteristic necessary!
it would cause a wrong trip in case of
external faults with heavy current!

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 4

Basic principles: restrained current comparison (2/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT- errors
CT 1: CT 2:
IP1 ε1= - 5% IP2 = -IP1
ε2 = + 5% IF
Protected
object

IRest IRest =│IS1│+│IS2│

IRest = 2·IP1

IS2=
IS1= 1.05·IP2
0.95·IP1
IDiff= │IS1+ IS2│
IDiff
IDiff = 0.1·IP1

Setting due to Linear error due to

magnetising or different
charging currents CT transformation
IDiff=
│IS1+IS2│
Resulting Under the following assumption
characteristic
IN
│ε1 │ = │ε2 │ and I1 = I2
Trip
the result for a conventional
Differential Prot. characteristic
should be:
Block IDiff = IDiff> + ε1·I1 + ε2·I2
IDiff> = IDiff> + 2·ε1 ·I1

2
with IDiff> = setting
10 IRest =│IS1│+│IS2│
PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 5
Basic principles: measuring circuit for a 3-phase system

Basic circuit for a 3- phase system:

Generator / Motor / Reactor

L1

L2

L3

Diff.

Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Protection

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 6

Transformer Differential Protection special qualities

Angle shifting N·30° due to vector group (0 ≤ N ≤ 11)

for 3-phase transformers.

Different current values of the CT- sets on the high voltage side (HV)
and on the low voltage side (LV)

Zero sequence current in case of external faults will cause

differential current

Transformer-tap changer, magnetising current

Transient currents
Inrush
CT-saturation

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 7

3-phase Transformer: primary values
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A side 1: 110kV, 525A
3000/1A 750/1A
2L1 1L1
I2L1 I1L1
I2*L1
2L2 1L2
I2L2 I1L2
I2*L2
2L3 1L3
I2L3 I1L3
I2*L3

kU = U1N/U2N = 110kV/20kV = 5.5

kWinding = w1/w2 = kU/√3

I2*L1 = -I1L1·ku /√3 + I1L2·ku /√3

I2*L3
I1L1ku/√3
I1L1

5·30°
I2*L2

I1L2ku /√3
I1L3 I1L2

-I1L1ku /√3

I2*L1
PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 8
3-phase Transformer : secondary values

SN I
I L1sec   NCTlsec
3  U N I NCTlprim

100MVA 1A
I1L1sec    0.7A
3 110kV 750A
I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0°

100MVA 1A
I2L1sec    0.96A
3  20kV 3000A

IDiff L1 = │I1L1sec+ I2L1sec│

= 0.5A

I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150°

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 9

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1 of 2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection

Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5

side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A ILoad=
525A L1
2887A
L2

L3

0.96A 0.7A

Diff. 29 23
IR Wdg. Wdg.

Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

nominal Load (no fault): 0.70A ·23Wdg = 0.555A ·29Wdg, IR = 0.555·√3 = 0.96A
PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 10
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (2 of 2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A
~ L1
13655A
~ L2

~ L3

3I0
IP=
4.55A 5.73A 4300A

Diff. 29 23
IR Wdg. Wdg.

Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

single pole fault HV -side: 5.73A ·23Wdg = 4.550A ·29Wdg , IR = 4.55A

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 11

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
CT 2 side 2: 20kV side 1: 110kV CT 1
3000/1A 750/1A
I2L1P  I1L1P
2L1 1L1
I2L2P  I1L2P
2L2 1L2
I2L3P  I1L3P
2L3 1L3

I2L1S I2A I1A I1L1S

Current Io – Vector Io – Current
I2L2S value handling group
I2B comparison I1B
handling value
I1L2S
adaptation adaptation adaptation
CT 2
∆I CT 1
I2L3S I2C I1C I1L3S

Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 12

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (2/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Parameterisation of transformer and CT- data
in a 7UT6 Differential Protection Device

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 13

Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (1 of 2)

SN = 100 MVA
UN2 = 20 kV UN1 = 110 kV
3000/1A 750/1A
IP2 = 2750A IP1 = 500A
(load current) Side 2 Side 1 (load current)
InO2 = 2887A InO1 = 525A

measured
IS2 = -0.916A 7UT6 IS1 = 0.66A secondary currents
7UM62

IDiff = ?
IRest = ?

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 14

 Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (2 of 2)
SN
1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current I nO 
3  UN
I NCT
2. Correction factor kW 
I nO

3. Correction nominal current I* = kW·IS

4. Calculation of the differential and IDiff = |I1* + I2*| IRest = |I1*| + |I2*|
restraint current

Calculation example:

SN = 100MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 20kV

IN1CT = 750A IN2CT = 3000A
Correction factors: kW1 = 1.428 kW2 = 1.039 IDiff = 0A

Load conditions: Ip1 = 500A Ip2 = 2750A IRest = 1.9A

Secondary currents: Is1 = 0.666A Is2 = -0.916A IDiff = 0·InO
Matched currents: IRest = 1.9·InO
I1* = 0.95A I2* = -0.95A

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 15

 Differential functions IDiff> and IDiff>>
measured value Instantaneous Tripping characteristic,
pre-processing values saturation detection
( vector gr. ,Ct’s ) rectified mean value: IDiff
i1L iRest = │i1│ + │i2│
side 1 IRest = iRest
i2L fundamental wave: Trip
side 2 iDiff = i1 + i2 IDiff = rms(iDiff)50Hz
IDiff>
IRest &
IDiff>
Motor start
DC off set
analysing of harmonics:
-block by 2. & 3. or 5.har
-cross block

iDiff iRest IRest IDiff

IDiff
IDiff>>
Trip
I / InO

≥1

I / InO
iDiff IDiff>>
k·IDiff>>

ms ms

IDiff> restrained (biased) differential function, IDiff> = f(IRest)

- Ct-saturation detector (add on stabilization) for external faults.
IDiff>> fast unrestrained high current differential function, it’s setting therefore should be higher then
the maximum possible through flowing current! Example Transformer: I Diff>> > (1/uk)·InO
This function will be not blocked by harmonics due to an inrush or Ct-saturation!
The IDiff>> stage evaluates the fundamental wave of the currents as well as the instantaneous values.
- Fundamental wave processing: fast tripping at the set threshold.
- Instantaneous value processing: ensures fast tripping even in case the fundamental wave
of the current is strongly reduced by Ct-saturation. Because of the possible DC offset after fault
inception, the instantaneous value stage operates only above twice the set threshold.
PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 16
Tripping Characteristic
Reasons for this shape of characteristic
x
I Diff
InO
3.0

2.5
Trip
Slope 2

2.0 Total
Block

1.5
CT-
error
1.0
Slope 1 Tap-
changer
0.5
IDiff>
Magnet.
0 current
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
I Rest InO

Example: Transformer with Tap changer

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 17

Tripping Characteristic (1 of 2)
I Diff Tripping Characteristic 7UT6
InO
1231 IDiff>>
7

1243A
6 SLOPE 2
45°
5
Trip Block
4

*)
3

2
1241A Add-on
SLOPE 1 Stabilization
1

1221 IDiff>
0 14 I Rest
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16
1242A 1261A InO
BASE POINT 1 I-ADD ON STAB *) Slope for Add-on Stabilization:
1244A 7UT6  Slope 1 ; 7UT5  ½ Slope 1
BASE POINT 2

flexible adaptation to various transformers, e.g. with tap changer or different Ct’s
high stability against external faults with Ct saturation
IDiff>>: fast tripping for solid short-circuits within one period PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 18
Tripping Characteristic (2 of 2)
- Parameters

7UT6: settable
7UT5: 0 (fixed)

7UT6 only
min. setting:
7UT6: 2 ; 7UT5: 5
7UT613 / 63x

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 19

Tripping Characteristic
- Pickup of differential function

For triggering of internal tasks, events and fault records the differential protection
function needs a pickup information. This pickup becomes active, if the
differential current or the restraint current is over an internal threshold
(dotted line). Each external large current leads to a pickup.

Pickup doesn‘t always mean internal failure!

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 20

 Add on stabilization during external fault ( 1 of 2)

I Diff Tripping Characteristic 7UT6

During an external fault which InO
produces a high IDiff>>
7
through-flowing current,
causing Ct saturation, Trip
6
a considerable differential-
current can be simulated, 45° Block
5
especially when the degree of D
saturation is different at the two C
sides. 4

If the quantities IDiff/IRest result 3

in an operating point which lays Add-on
Stabilization
in the trip area of the 2
operating characteristic, a
trip signal would be the 1
consequence, if there were no
Saturation inception
special measures IDiff> B
0 14 I Rest
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16
A
InO
Immediately after fault inception (A) the fault currents increase severely thus producing a high
restraint quantity. At the instant of Ct saturation (B) a differential quantity is produced and the restraint quantity
is reduced. In consequence, the operating point I Diff/IRest may move into the tripping area (C).
In contrast, the operating point moves immediately along the fault characteristic (D) when an internal fault
occurs.
When an external fault is detected, the differential stage for this phase is blocked by an adjustable no. of
periods. (for 7UT613/63x now also cross block is possible)
PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 21
 Demonstration of add-on stabilization (2 of 2)

Block

45°
Trip

add-on
stabilisation

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 22

Inrush, cross block, over excitation [V/Hz] (1 of 2)
filter window
1 cycle
iRUSH Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)
= iDiff Inrush current
in one phase L1-block IDiff, L1 > trip blocking

L2-block IDiff, L2 > trip blocking

L3-block IDiff, L3 > trip blocking

1P 2P 3P t

I 2har
I Diff block Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)

L1-block
Setting
15 %
value L2-block OR IDiff > trip blocking
≥1 for an adjustable time
L3-block
no block
0
0 t

recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to basic wave IDiff.
Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave
PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 23
 Inrush, cross block, over excitation [V/Hz] (2 of 2)
Demo: Inrush followed by an internal Fault L1-E

Internal
fault

IDiff>>

Inrush

Add-on
stabilization
IDiff>
3 cycles

PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 24

 Tripping Characteristic
- Motor Start
Typical for motor start is the starting current and the superimposed dc component with
a large time constant. The two Ct-sets may transform this dc component differently.
The result is a differential current and the risk of an over-function is given.

Detection of motor starting:

Increases the pick-up values for a settable time
I Diff Tripping Characteristic 7UT6 for Motor start
InO
1231 Idiff>>
7
Criterion:
Supervision of Start-up characteristic
6
restraint current Steady-state
45° Trip
characteristic
5
IRest > I-Restr. Startup
(until 2 I/InO)
4
Increase
than the of pickup
Start-Factor (max. 2) 3
is active for the time:
T Start Max 2
(Duration of dynamical Block
increasing of pickup) 1

1221 Idiff>
0 14 I Rest
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16
InO
PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 25
 Tripping Characteristic
DC offset: Increasing of the Characteristic

increased
characteristic
(factor 2)

0.24

0.36

Steady state
characteristic

0.12
0.18
Minimum
setting
Add-on
stabilization

Setting Add-on stabilization: 5

7UT613/63x only
PTD PA 7UT6 Introduct. 11/04 No. 26