Power Transmission and Distribution

Principles of Differential protection

technology

Transformer Differential Protection

Basic principles : Kirchhoffs knot rule

Basis for Differential-Protection:

I1
I2
I4
I3

I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0 I=
0
Definition:
Currents, which flow into the knot (protected object), are counted positive.
Currents, which flow out of the knot (protected object), are counted negative.

Protection objects:
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 2

Basic principles: current comparison

IP1 IP2 IP1 IP2

I1F I2F IF
Protected Protected
object object
IS1 IS2 IS1 IS2
IS1 IS2
I IDiff =I1 + I2 I IDiff =I1 + I2

internal fault external fault or load

Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1 Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IP1 = I1F IP1 = IF
IP2 = I2F IP2 = -IF
IDiff = IP1 + IP2 = I1F + I2F IDiff = IP1 + IP2 = IF - IF = 0
Trip no Trip

Requirements for Differential Protection:

1) Internal faults ( faults between CT-sets ) Trip
2) External faults no Trip

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 3

 Basic principles : restrained current comparison (1/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT-errors

Ct 1: Ct 2:
IP1 1= - 2 = IP2 = -IP1
5% Protected IF
+5%
object

IS1= IS2=
0.95IP1 IDiff = 0.1IP1
1.05IP2
I

assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IDiff = IS1 + IS2 = (1+1) IP1 + (1+2)IP2 =0.95 IP1 1.05 IP1= 0.1IP1

-normal operation: IP1 = IN

IDiff = 0.1IP1 = 0.1IN

-external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10IN

IDiff = 0.1IP1 = 1IN

As the setting IDiff> for usual applications

lays below nominal current, Restrained characteristic necessary!
it would cause a wrong trip in case of
external faults with heavy current!

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 4

Basic principles: restrained current comparison (2/2)

Example: external fault with linear CT- errors

CT 1: CT 2:
IP1 1= - 5% IP2 = -IP1
2 = + 5% IF
Protected
object

IRest IRest =IS1+IS2

IRest = 2IP1

IS2=
IS1= 1.05IP2
0.95IP1
IDiff= IS1+ IS2
IDiff
IDiff = 0.1IP1

Setting due to Linear error due to

magnetising or different
charging currents CT transformation
IDiff=
IS1+IS2 Resulting Under the following
characteristic
assumption
IN
1 = 2 and I1 = I2
Trip
the result for a conventional
Differential Prot. characteristic
Block should be:
IDiff>
IDiff = IDiff> + 1I1 + 2I2
= IDiff> + 21 I1
2 10 IRest =IS1+IS2 with IDiff> = setting
Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 5
Basic principles: measuring circuit for a 3-phase system

Basic circuit for a 3- phase system:

Generator / Motor / Reactor

L1

L2

L3

Diff.

Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Protection

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 6

Transformer Differential Protection special qualities

Angle shifting N30 due to vector group (0 N 11)

for 3-phase transformers.

Different current values of the CT- sets on the high voltage side (HV)
and on the low voltage side (LV)

Zero sequence current in case of external faults will cause

differential current

Transformer-tap changer, magnetising current

Transient currents
Inrush
CT-saturation

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 7

3-phase Transformer: primary values
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A side 1: 110kV, 525A
3000/1A 750/1A
2L1 1L1
I2L1 I1L1
I2*L1
2L2 1L2
I2L2 I1L2
I2*L2
2L3 1L3
I2L3 I1L3
I2*L3

kU = U1N/U2N = 110kV/20kV = 5.5

kWinding = w1/w2 = kU/3

I2*L1 = -I1L1ku /3 + I1L2ku /3

I2*L3
I1L1ku/3
I1L1

530
I2*L2

I1L2ku /3
I1L3 I1L2

-I1L1ku /3

I2*L1
Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 8
3-phase Transformer : secondary values

SN I
I L1sec NCT1sec
3 U N I NCTlprim

100MVA 1A
I1L1sec 0.7A
3 110kV 750A
I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0

100MVA 1A
I2 L1sec 0.96A
3 20kV 3000A

IDiff L1 = I1L1sec+ I2L1sec

= 0.5A

I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 9

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A ILoad=
525A
L1
2887A
L2

L3

0.96A 0.7A

Diff. 29 23
IR Wdg. Wdg.

Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

nominal Load (no fault): 0.70A 23Wdg = 0.555A 29Wdg,IR = 0.5553 = 0.96A
Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 10
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (2/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A
~ L1
13655A
~ L2

~ L3

3I0
IP=
4.55A 5.73A 4300A

Diff. 29 23
IR Wdg. Wdg.

Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

single pole fault HV -side: 5.73A 23Wdg = 4.550A 29Wdg , IR = 4.55A

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 11

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of
(1/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
CT 2 side 2: 20kV side 1: 110kV CT 1
3000/1A 750/1A
I2L1P I1L1P
2L1 1L1
I2L2P I1L2P
2L2 1L2
I2L3P I1L3P
2L3 1L3

I2L1S I2A I1A I1L1S

Current Io Vector Io Current
I2L2S value handling group comparison handling value
I2B I1B I1L2S
adaptation
CT 2
adaptation
I adaptation
CT 1
I2L3S I2C I1C I1L3S

Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 12

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of
(2/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Parameterisation of transformer and CT- data
in a 7UT6 Differential Protection Device

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 13

Tripping characteristic of Transformer Differential Protection

CT-errors , Tap changer , Magnetising current

I Diff
InO
3.0

2.5
Trip
slope 2
Total error
2.0
45 Block

1.5
CT- error

1.0
slope 1 Tap changer error
0.5

IDiff>
Transf. magnetising current
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 I Rest InO

Characteristic: IDiff = f (IRest) InO = nominal current of the protected object

IRest = |I1| + |I2|

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 14

Transient currents (with Harmonics)
- Inrush of Transformers (1 of
2)
i1 iDiff = i1
even
Inrush
2. Harm.
Y Y
t=0
i1 i2 = 0

iDiff = i1
even i1
Inrush
2. Harm.

Y
t=0
i1 I2 = 0

Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1 uneven

-T1 3. und 5.
Harm. iDiff = i1 + i2
i1
i1 i2
-T2

t=0
Inrush -T2 t=0

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 15

Inrush, cross block, over excitation [V/Hz] (2 of 2)
filter window
1 cycle
iRUSH
= iDiff Inrush current
in one phase

1P 2P 3P t

I 2har
I Diff block Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)

L1-block
Setting
15 %
value L2-block OR IDiff > trip blocking
1 for an adjustable time
L3-block
no block
0
0 t

recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to basic wave IDiff.
Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 16

Transient currents (with harmonics) (1/2)
- Over excitation and CT- saturation
iDiff = i1 + i2
Over excitation (U/f)
UTr > UN uneven
5. Harm.

i1 i2

External fault with

iDiff = i1 + i2
CT-saturation at the
even
Low voltage side and
uneven
HV LV

i1 i2

Internal fault with

iDiff = i1
CT-saturation at the
High voltage side even
and
uneven
HV LV

i1 I2 0

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 17

Transient currents (with harmonics) (2/2)
- Over excitation and CT- saturation
Principle of Add-on stabilisation for external faults

I Diff Tripping characteristic 7UT6

InO
IDiff>>
7

6
Trip
45 Block
5
D
C
4

3
Add-on
Stabilisation
2

1
Begin of saturation
IDiff> B
0 14 I Stab
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16
A
InO

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 18

Applications for Transformer Differential Protection
two winding three winding 1 CB method
transformer transformer on
1 or 3 phases 1 or 3 phases one side

7UT613
7UT633

7UT612 7UT613
7UM62 7UT633

1 CB method Unit Protection

on two sides

Y
7UT635
7UT635

G
3~

Badiya 2007 Principles Transf. Diff 19