A New Approach

to
Current Differential Protection
for
Transmission Lines
 CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL MODEL

•Normal Condition: I1 + I2 = IC - the line charging current

•Fault Condition: I1 + I 2 = I C
•Can be done on a per phase basis

Ic Ic
2 2
I1 I2

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 2

 PERCENT RESTRAINT
CHARACTERISTIC
OPERATE
| I1 + I2 |

K1

I MIN

RESTRAINT
k*[ | I1 | + | I2 | ]

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 Discrete Fourier Transform
v( t ) = Vpeak • cos(ωt + φ )

2 N −1 k
Vreal = ( ) • ∑ [ Vk • cos( 2 • π • )]
N k =0 N

2 N −1 k
Vimag = ( ) • ∑ [ − Vk • sin( 2 • π • )]
N k =0 N

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 TRADITIONAL ONE CYCLE FOURIER

W2
W1

W2
W1

One cycle sliding Fourier Magnitude Response of One Cycle

window on fault waveform Sliding Fourier Window

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 VARIABLE FOURIER WINDOW

W2 W2
Fault
Detection W1

W2 W3
W1

One cycle sliding Fourier Magnitude Response of Dynamic

window on fault waveform Fourier Window

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 PHASELET CALCULATION
p⋅P
Phaselet Realp = ∑Ck ⋅ Xk
k =p⋅P−P+1
p⋅P
Phaselet Imaginaryp = ∑ − Sk ⋅ Xk
k =p⋅P−P+1
Where:
Ck , Sk = Sine and Cosine Coefficients
p = phaselet index: there are N / P phaselets per cycle
P = the number of samples per phaselet
Xk = kth sample of the input signal

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 7

 PHASOR CALCULATION
Phaselets are converted to phasors by the following:
 Phasor Re al n  TRR ( n ,W) TRI ( n, W)   PhaseletSum Re al n 
 Phasor Im aginary  =  T ( n, W) T ( n, W)  •  PhaseletSum Im aginary 
 n   IR II   n

Where:
n
PhaseletSum Re al =
n ∑ Phaselet Re al
p
W
p = n − +1
P

n
PhaseletSum Im aginary n = ∑ Phaselet Im aginary p
W
p= n− +1
P

n = Phasor index; W = Window size in samples

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 8
 MIMIC ALGORITHM

Time Domain:
d
IZ ( t ) = I ( t ) • R + (I ( t )) • L
dt

Sampled Data:
δ (I(k +δ) +I(k)) (I(k +δ) −I(k))
IZ(k + ) = • R+ •L
2 2 δ

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 9

 DUAL SLOPE PERCENT RESTRAINT

Dynamic
OPERATE
| I1 + I2 |

K2
Restraint

K1

RESTRAINT
k*[ | I1 | + | I2 | ]

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 “GOODNESS OF FIT” CALCULATION

N
σ = ∑ xi2 − ( X R • PL R + X I • PLI )
i =1

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 PERCENT RESTRAINT CHARACTERISTIC
ON THE COMPLEX PLANE
IMAG
OPERATE
REGION

K1·Ir
Iop
REAL

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 12

 ADAPTIVE RESTRAINT CHARACTERISTIC
ON THE COMPLEX PLANE
IMAG
OPERATE
REGION

Iop
REAL

DYNAMIC
STEADY STATE RESTRAINT
RESTRAINT

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 13

 ELLIPTICAL RESTRAINT
CHARACTERISTIC
IMAG
OPERATE
REGION

Iop REAL
DYNAMIC
ELLIPTICAL
RESTRAINT TRADITIONAL
CIRCULAR
STEADY STATE RESTRAINT
CIRCULAR
RESTRAINT

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 14

 Time synchronization Internet “Ping-Pong”
Relay 1 Relay 2

Forward t0
travel tf
time t1 Relay
turn-around
t2 time
Return tr
travel t3
time t3 - t0 - (t2 - t1)
time tf = tr =
2

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 15

 DIGITAL FLYWHEEL
ω ω
“Virtual Shaft”

clock 1 clock 2

• Sample clocks set via a 32 bit equivalent counter

• Counter is set as a result of thousands of “Ping-Pong” messages
• If communications is lost, sample clocks continue to “free wheel”
Superior accuracy is obtained with the 32 bit counter. Long term
accuracy is only a function of the base crystal stability.

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 16

 Differential Path Delay Correction
If tr = tf, this “differential” time delay results in a
phase angle error in the measured phasor
θ
2
θ θ
2

Communication path time differential

is corrected via current measurement

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 Data Packet Comparison
Data from Relay #1
Address Control Time Tag Data CRC

Note: Only data with identical

time tags are compared

Data from Relay #2

Address Control Time Tag Data CRC

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 Communications Architecture

Redundant communications with Hot Standby

on 2 terminal applications:

Communication link #1
Relay 1 Communication link #2 Relay 2

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 Communications Architecture
• Peer-to-Peer operation
• Each relay has sufficient information to make
an independent decision
• Communication Redundancy

Relay 1

Current Phasors communicated

from each relay to every other
relay
Relay 2 Relay 3

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 20

 Communications Architecture
• Master-Slave operation
• At least one relay has sufficient information to make
an independent decision
• The deciding relay(s) sends a transfer-trip command
to all other relays

Relay 1 Relay 3
Relay 2 Data
Data
“Transfer Trip”
message

Relay 2 Relay 3

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 21

 Communications
Communications Architecture
Architecture
• Can support up to a 5 terminal line configuration with either Peer-to-Peer
or Master/Slave or any combination thereof

Relay 1

Relay 2 Relay 5

Relay 3 Relay 4

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 CHANNEL MEDUIM OPTIONS
Channel Bandwidth Tripping Data Packets Op. Time
kbps per cycle (cycle)

Dedicated Fiber 64 Single phase 2 3/4 - 1

(0 to 40kM)

RS-422 Sync. 64 Single phase 2 3/4 - 1

G.703 Sync. 64 Single phase 2 3/4 - 1

Note: The RS-422 and G.703 interfaces are designed to operate

over digital multiplexed communication channels

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 23

 Capacitive
Capacitive Error
Error Current
Current Compensation
Compensation
IC = C dV/dt
• Corrects sample data before a phasor is computed

• Compensates all frequency components - not just the

fundamental

x
Ic Ic
2 2
I1 I2

Current Differential Protection for Transmission Lines 24

 SUMMARY

• Enhanced Performance
• Time Synchronization
- Communication Path Delay Adjustment
- Differential Communication Path Delay
• Redundancy for Loss of Communications
• Flexible Communication Configurations
• Communications Media Options

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