Verbal Communication

Professional
Communication
Dr. Neha Soman

School of Management Studies
NIT Calicut
Implications of the Course
• Develop a comprehensive understanding of meaning making, extensive vocabulary and

usage in formal English language.
• Learn and practice principles related to good formal writing.
• Develop competence in group activities such as group discussions, debates, mock

interviews, etc. by practicing the integration of unique qualities of nonverbal and verbal
styles.
• Deliver clear and effective presentation of ideas in the oral / written medium and to
acquire the ability to modify it according to the target audience.
Origin of the Word
• The word “communication” originates from the Latin noun communicatio, which
means sharing or imparting.
• Latin verb communicare that means to make common.
• the state of shared features or traits, information, ideas, emotions, experiences

articulated through Communication.
Sender
The one who initiates, originator of a message, has an idea or concept he/she wants the
receiver to appreciate, The sender's experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skill, perceptions,
and culture influence the message.
Message
The entity shared by the sender or the content that is being communicated.
Channel
The medium being used to transmit the message.
Receiver
Receives the message, receptivity to the message is subjective, interpretations by the
receiver are influenced by their experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills, perceptions, and
culture
Feedback
Allows the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of the message, provides an opportunity for
the sender to take corrective action to clarify a misunderstood message.
Noise
Anything which blocks between the message source and destination (sender and the
receiver), cannot be eliminated completely but can be controlled.
Models of Communication
Rhetoric is the ancient art of communicating to

persuade. If you use it well, your audience will easily
understand what you're saying, and will more likely be
influenced by it.
Ethos
• In English, the direct translation of ethos from

Greek is “ethics”.
• “Ethos” makes broader reference to what makes

the speaker (person or organization) credible.
• Appeal based on the character of the speaker.
• Works best with a wavering audience.
• Aristotle says that if we believe that a speaker has

"good sense, good moral character, and goodwill,"
we are inclined to believe what that speaker says
to us.
Pathos
• In English, the direct translation of pathos is
“emotion.”
• “Pathos” makes broader reference to the audience

and the way in which they react to a message.
• Appeal to the emotions of the audience; can play

on pity, fear, anger, patriotism, humour, etc.
• Works well with a supportive audience.
• Aristotle points out that emotions such as anger,

pity and fear, and their opposites, powerfully
influence our rational judgments.
Logos
• In English, the direct translation of logos is “logic.”
• “Logos” makes broader reference to the message as a

whole and, more specifically, the facts and statements
that build a logical argument.
• Argument based on logic & reason; generally involves

facts, figures, statistics, rational appeals.
• Works best for a hostile audience; can also help

reinforce a supportive audience or sway a wavering
audience.
• In our society, logic and rationality are highly valued

and this type of persuasive strategy is usually
privileged over appeals to the character of the speaker
or to the emotions of the audience.
Ethos Pathos Logos
Speaker/ Writer Audience Message
Credibility/ Appeals to Emotions Logic/ Reason

Authority
• Explains the social process of communication
1. Linear Model (Shannon & Weaver 1948)
2. Interactional / Interactive Model (Schramm 1997)
3. Transactional Model (Barnlund 1970)

Limitations of Linear Model
• Assumes that communication goes in one direction.
• An individual cannot be both a sender and receiver.
• Does not acknowledge the dynamic nature of communication.
• Implies that messages are clear-cut.

• Most dynamic.
• Communicators not senders and receivers.
• Communication is transaction/ cooperative
action.
• Co-creates the process, outcomes and
effectiveness.
• Shared meaning is created.
• Messages do not stand alone.
• Overlap in communicator’s
expertise/environment/experience
• Interrelated and interdependent messages
Verbal Communication
• Involves language which is made of symbols.

• Establish meaning through language.
• The skill of using Language in a systematic & methodical way.
• Persuade
• Resolve
• Inspire
Importance of Verbal Communication
1. Keeping each other informed.

2. Asking for help and support.
3. Making friends.
4. Expressing ourselves creatively.
5. Sharing emotions.
6. Define our realities.
7. Describe and evaluate ourselves.
8. Categorize complex ideas to meaningful chunks.
Types of Verbal Communication
• Happens within oneself.
• Initiator is both the sender and the

receiver.
• Self-talk
• Inner speech
• Contemplative talk
• Introspective communication
Dyadic Communication
• Earliest forms of Verbal Communication

• Involvement of TWO individuals
• Expects results in a short period of time
• Sender – Receiver paradigm
• Feedbacks are shared
• E.g. A corporate presentation in pairs (dyads)
Small Group Communication
• Involvement of more than two members but not a larger crowd

• Everyone becomes a sources as well as receivers.
• Shared information and feedback
• E.g. Research group meetings
Public Communication
• Information from a single source is shared with

a large number of audience
• Mutual feedback cannot be expected
• Speaker is the focus
• E.g. Public speaking events, Spiritual talks,

Seminar presentations
Mass Communication
• Encompasses a large number of audience who are not physically grouped together/ different geographical locations.
• Information should be exchanged through tools to larger segments of population.
• Uses tools/technology.
• Achieved through multiple mediums.
• Addresses larger audience via verbal or written media.
• No direct access with the receiver.
• Limited or delayed feedback.
• E.g. Newspaper, Television, Internet, Radio.

Verbal Communication in Workplace
Superiors Peers Presenters

Constructive Feedback Seeking Assistance Introduce the topic
Respectful Disciplining Explain/Brief Projecting voice
Sharing Credit Paraphrasing Concrete examples
Countering Objections Request feedback Restating major points
Empathizing Questioning Confidence & Modesty
Self-disclosure Expressing needs, feelings Anecdotes
Non-verbal Cues Non-verbal cues Non-verbal Cues

Improving Verbal Communication
1. Message/ Content organization

2. Recognize audience
3. Pay attention to non-verbal cues
4. Clear articulation
5. Active listening
6. Accuracy in the selection of written words
• Meaning is created and does not exist independent from the communicators.
• Meaning resides in the mind of each communicator.
• Communication involves people. Any form of
communication must include the human element in
order to be complete.
• Communication stimuli can consist of almost

everything within our environment. Because of this,
we must develop respect for the complexity of the
communication phenomenon.
• We must not take for granted that the information

we transmit, will be accurately and efficiently
received by others
THANK YOU

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Professional

Dr. Neha Soman

• Develop a comprehensive understanding of meaning making, extensive vocabulary and

• Learn and practice principles related to good formal writing.

• Develop competence in group activities such as group discussions, debates, mock

• Latin verb communicare that means to make common.

• the state of shared features or traits, information, ideas, emotions, experiences

Rhetoric is the ancient art of communicating to

• In English, the direct translation of ethos from

• “Ethos” makes broader reference to what makes

• Appeal based on the character of the speaker.

• Works best with a wavering audience.

• Aristotle says that if we believe that a speaker has

• “Pathos” makes broader reference to the audience

• Appeal to the emotions of the audience; can play

• Works well with a supportive audience.

• Aristotle points out that emotions such as anger,

• “Logos” makes broader reference to the message as a

• Argument based on logic & reason; generally involves

• Works best for a hostile audience; can also help

• In our society, logic and rationality are highly valued

Speaker/ Writer Audience Message

Credibility/ Appeals to Emotions Logic/ Reason

1. Linear Model (Shannon & Weaver 1948)

2. Interactional / Interactive Model (Schramm 1997)

3. Transactional Model (Barnlund 1970)

• Assumes that communication goes in one direction.

• An individual cannot be both a sender and receiver.

• Does not acknowledge the dynamic nature of communication.

• Implies that messages are clear-cut.

• Involves language which is made of symbols.

1. Keeping each other informed.

• Initiator is both the sender and the

• Earliest forms of Verbal Communication

• Involvement of more than two members but not a larger crowd

• Information from a single source is shared with

• Mutual feedback cannot be expected

• Speaker is the focus

• E.g. Public speaking events, Spiritual talks,

• Information should be exchanged through tools to larger segments of population.

• Achieved through multiple mediums.

• Addresses larger audience via verbal or written media.

• No direct access with the receiver.

• Limited or delayed feedback.

• E.g. Newspaper, Television, Internet, Radio.

Superiors Peers Presenters

Respectful Disciplining Explain/Brief Projecting voice

Sharing Credit Paraphrasing Concrete examples

Countering Objections Request feedback Restating major points

Empathizing Questioning Confidence & Modesty

Self-disclosure Expressing needs, feelings Anecdotes

Non-verbal Cues Non-verbal cues Non-verbal Cues

1. Message/ Content organization

• Communication stimuli can consist of almost

• We must not take for granted that the information

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