Learning

At the Competencies
end of the lesson, the learners are
expected to…
A. describe the background of the study;
B. write the background of the study; and
C. show diligence in work.
 WRITING
INTRODUCTIONS
Why is there a
need for an
introduction?
 Introducti
on
 The introduction leads the reader from a
general subject area to a
particular topic of inquiry.
 Inverted
• Identification of
knowledge gaps
• Identification of
problem domain
Pyramid
 Objectives
• Critical discussion
of was has been
done
 Inverted
• Identification of
knowledge gaps
• Identification of
problem domain
Pyramid
Identification of problem domain

 Objectives
• Critical discussion
of was has been
done
 Inverted
• Identification of
knowledge gaps
• Identification of
problem domain
Pyramid
Identification of problem domain
Critical
discussion of was
has been done
 Objectives
• Critical discussion
of was has been
done
 Inverted
• Identification of
knowledge gaps
• Identification of
problem domain
Pyramid
Identification of problem domain
Critical discussion of
was has been done
Identification
 Objectives Knowledge
Gaps
• Critical discussion
of was has been
done
 Inverted
• Identification of
knowledge gaps
• Identification of
problem domain
Pyramid
Identification of problem domain
Critical discussion of
was has been done
Identification
 Objectives of knowledge
gaps
• Critical discussion
of was has been Objectives
done
 What question
does each
paragraph answer?
 Donnelly (2018) stated that there are 1.32 billion daily active users
of Facebook and it is the most widely used social platform
worldwide. From this massive amount of users, 60% or almost
800,000,000 are suffering from depression brought about by having
low self-esteem that is rooted from gaining less support from the
public or netizens. Furthermore, Burnett (2010) confirmed that
unpopular students and those who achieved less number of likes and
reactions on their Facebook posts see continuous failure
academically and socially which lead to both being the cause and
effect of their negative self-esteem. In another way around, low self-
esteem has something to do with the attainment of popularity. The
study of Cornell (2012) found that unpopular students were
distinguished by lower self-concepts and lower self-esteem.
 Donnelly (2018) stated that there are 1.32 billion daily active users
of Facebook and it is the most widely used social platform
worldwide. From this massive amount of users, 60% or almost
800,000,000 are suffering from depression brought about by
having low self-esteem that is rooted from gaining less support from
the public or netizens. Furthermore, Burnett (2010) confirmed that
unpopular students and those who achieved less number of likes
and reactions on their Facebook posts see continuous failure
academically and socially which lead to both being the cause and
effect of their negative self-esteem. In another way around, low self-
esteem has something to do with the attainment of popularity. The
study of Cornell (2012) found that unpopular students were
distinguished by lower self-concepts and lower self-esteem.
 Forming grammatical sentences has always been one of the most
difficult language skills to teach and to learn. The teaching of the
passive voice, which requires sentence transformation with respect
to tense in particular is a tedious work. Though linguists and
language teaching experts have conceptualized and applied
numerous approaches, methods, and strategies geared toward both
linguistic competence and linguistic performance, they mostly
highlighted the teaching of surface structures or the visible
constituents of a sentence. This is maybe the reason why English
language teachers are viewed as grammar prescriptivists who
focus on determining and fixing linguistic errors rather than
emphasizing the processes students need to be aware of in order to
avoid errors.
 Forming grammatical sentences has always been one of the
most difficult language skills to teach and to learn. The
teaching of the passive voice, which requires sentence
transformation with respect to tense in particular is a tedious
work. Though linguists and language teaching experts have
conceptualized and applied numerous approaches, methods, and
strategies geared toward both linguistic competence and linguistic
performance, they mostly highlighted the teaching of surface
structures or the visible constituents of a sentence. This is maybe
the reason why English language teachers are viewed as grammar
prescriptivists who focus on determining and fixing linguistic
errors rather than emphasizing the processes students need to be
aware of in order to avoid errors.
Problem/
Research
Topic
What solution/s was/
were proposed by the
researchers?
Active to passive voice transformation just like other grammatical
processes has a rule or pattern to be followed. By illustrating
permutations of a sentence from active voice to passive voice,
teachers help the English Language Learners (ELLs) discover a
pattern that would enable them to transform sentences from active
to passive voice and vice versa judiciously and efficiently—thus,
promoting improvement in the instruction of this grammatical
process. As a recognized approach to grammatical analysis,
Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) empowers teachers
in crafting lessons on active to passive voice transformation and
vice versa where a set of transformational processes serve as a
guide to both teachers and learners of English.
Active to passive voice transformation just like other grammatical
processes has a rule or pattern to be followed. By illustrating
permutations of a sentence from active voice to passive voice,
teachers help the English Language Learners (ELLs) discover a
pattern that would enable them to transform sentences from active
to passive voice and vice versa judiciously and efficiently—thus,
promoting improvement in the instruction of this grammatical
process. As a recognized approach to grammatical analysis,
Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) empowers
teachers in crafting lessons on active to passive voice
transformation and vice versa where a set of transformational
processes serve as a guide to both teachers and learners of English.
To better understand the connection between self-esteem and popularity
in Facebook, the researchers in the present study would like to prose an
investigation on the relationship of the people’s level of self-esteem and
number of likes in Facebook. As what was mentioned in the preceding
paragraphs, one’s low self-esteem may be attributed to his or her
inability to be recognized in a particular setting…. With the advent of
these social media sites, young people found a way for them to gain or
drain their self-esteem. Since liking is not incumbent and required in the
Facebook community, one may lose self-esteem if what they believe as
something likable about themselves turned out as unlikable for other
people. It is for these reasons that one may assume that the level of self-
esteem is dependent on the number of likes a person gets from his or her
friends.
 To better understand the connection between self-esteem and
popularity in Facebook, the researchers in the present study would
like to prose an investigation on the relationship of the people’s level
of self-esteem and number of likes in Facebook. As what was
mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, one’s low self-esteem may be
attributed to his or her inability to be recognized in a particular
setting…. With the advent of these social media sites, young people
found a way for them to gain or drain their self-esteem. Since liking is
not incumbent and required in the Facebook community, one may lose
self-esteem if what they believe as something likable about themselves
turned out as unlikable for other people. It is for these reasons that one
may assume that the level of self-esteem is dependent on the number of
likes a person gets from his or her friends.
Problem/
Research Proposed
Topic solutions
Why is this
research or
study
 Processes are learned when there are steps to be followed. This
principle applies even to grammar instruction especially the
teaching of active to passive voice transformation. Furthermore, a
sense of confidence in teaching is developed by the teacher if the
given set of transformational rules is linguistically and
theoretically accepted. Teachers’ morale and motivation is likely to
prosper if they know that the things they are teaching have
bases…Students’ confidence is likewise fostered, for it allows
them to be conscious of the steps they need to take even without
the help of their teachers…TGG even more allows for student-
centered classrooms where tasks trigger the minds of the students
to think and create out of the given transformational processes.
 Processes are learned when there are steps to be followed. This
principle applies even to grammar instruction especially the
teaching of active to passive voice transformation. Furthermore, a
sense of confidence in teaching is developed by the teacher if
the given set of transformational rules is linguistically and
theoretically accepted. Teachers’ morale and motivation is likely
to prosper if they know that the things they are teaching have
bases…Students’ confidence is likewise fostered, for it allows
them to be conscious of the steps they need to take even without
the help of their teachers…TGG even more allows for student-
centered classrooms where tasks trigger the minds of the students
to think and create out of the given transformational processes.
 …by determining whether or not there is a significant
relationship between the level of self-esteem and number of
likes, the researchers would be able to produce conclusions on
the nature of self-esteem, how people see social media, and the
scope of social media’s influence on its users. Through these
conclusions, parents and teachers would be able to see rationale
in restricting use of social media at home and at school.
Guidance counselors would likewise have basis in modifying
the guidance and counselling programs at school. Learnings
from this study are likewise significant in the field of mental
health since low or high self-esteem may result in conditions
requiring professional help.
 …by determining whether or not there is a significant
relationship between the level of self-esteem and number of
likes, the researchers would be able to produce conclusions on
the nature of self-esteem, how people see social media, and
the scope of social media’s influence on its users. Through
these conclusions, parents and teachers would be able to see
rationale in restricting use of social media at home and at
school. Guidance counselors would likewise have basis in
modifying the guidance and counselling programs at school.
Learnings from this study are likewise significant in the field
of mental health since low or high self-esteem may result in
conditions requiring professional help.
Problem/
Research Proposed
Topic solutions

Significan
ce of the
study
What gap will the
present study
address or fill?
 However, though several related studies hoist
Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) as an
effective approach in teaching the skill of active to
passive voice transformations, they did not mention
anything about the role of the tense-aspects in the
learning of this skill. Therefore, besides providing
additional literature as to the effectiveness of TGG, the
gap this research wants to address is the
“underrepresentation” of the English tenses-aspects in
the learning of active to passive voice transformations.
 However, though several related studies hoist
Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) as an
effective approach in teaching the skill of active to
passive voice transformations, they did not mention
anything about the role of the tense-aspects in the
learning of this skill. Therefore, besides providing
additional literature as to the effectiveness of TGG, the
gap this research wants to address is the
“underrepresentation” of the English tenses-aspects
in the learning of active to passive voice
transformations.
 Though several previous researchers have already
expounded on the possible effects of Facebook and
other Social Networking Sites on the Self-esteem of its
users, quantitative studies especially using the
correlational research method was not yet utilized in
determining whether or not self-esteem boosts or
plummets based on the number of likes. In the present
study, the researchers aim to produce an equation that
would determine the level of self-esteem of a particular
person based on his or her number of likes.
 Though several previous researchers have already
expounded on the possible effects of Facebook and
other Social Networking Sites on the Self-esteem of its
users, quantitative studies especially using the
correlational research method was not yet utilized
in determining whether or not self-esteem boosts or
plummets based on the number of likes. In the present
study, the researchers aim to produce an equation
that would determine the level of self-esteem of a
particular person based on his or her number of
likes.
Problem/
Research Proposed
Topic solutions

Significan
ce of the
Research study
Gaps
 What steps will the
researchers undertake
to realize the proposed
solution?
To realize the proposed solution and explore on description
of the problem, the researchers will initiate significant
steps. First, the researchers will determine a group of
students to undergo grammar instruction using TGG
Approach. Next, pretests, interventions, and posttests
would be administered. Data gathered from these tests will
be analyzed and interpreted using appropriate statistical
tests. From the results, the researchers will conclude
whether or not TGG is indeed effective in improving the
linguistic performance of the students in active to passive
voice transformation.
 To realize the proposed solution and explore on
description of the problem, the researchers will initiate
significant steps. First, the researchers will determine a
group of students to undergo grammar instruction using
TGG Approach. Next, pretests, interventions, and posttests
would be administered. Data gathered from these tests will
be analyzed and interpreted using appropriate statistical
tests. From the results, the researchers will conclude
whether or not TGG is indeed effective in improving the
linguistic performance of the students in active to passive
voice transformation.
Putting action on the proposed solution to the problem and
further investigation of the problem involved, the
researchers would employ empirical steps. First, the
researcher would gather the respondents of the study. Next,
appropriate instruments would be administered to identify
the level of self-esteem and the number of Facebook likes
of the respondents. Then, analyses of the gathered data
would be conducted to present results which in turn would
be used to provide conclusions regarding the relationship
of the two variables. Finally, recommendations could be
written given the conclusions inferred from the study.
 Putting action on the proposed solution to the problem
and further investigation of the problem involved, the
researchers would employ empirical steps. First, the
researcher would gather the respondents of the study. Next,
appropriate instruments would be administered to identify
the level of self-esteem and the number of Facebook likes
of the respondents. Then, analyses of the gathered data
would be conducted to present results which in turn would
be used to provide conclusions regarding the relationship
of the two variables. Finally, recommendations could be
written given the conclusions inferred from the study.
 Problem/
Research Proposed
Topic solutions

Outlining
Steps Significan
ce of the
Research study
Gaps
 Performance Task
 With your groupmates, using the
#5
inverted pyramid write up your
background of the study for your
research
 Happy
Quiz#4
1. This section of the research presents the background to your

study, introduces your topic and aims, and gives an

overview of the paper.
2. It is part of introduction with an example of…. now a
days….
3. This part of introduction were the problems or questions
you’re are trying to answer because it’s not been answered
on the previous studies.
Thanks
Gas 11