Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 8 views

    Irrigation Reporting

    Uploaded by

    jasmenenojas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Irrigation Reporting

    Uploaded by

    jasmenenojas
    8 views30 pages

    Original Title

    IRRIGATION-REPORTING

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views30 pages

    Irrigation Reporting

    Uploaded by

    jasmenenojas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

    ENGINEERING

    SURFACE IRRIGATION
    DESIGN OF BASIN, BORDER AND FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM

    Presented by:
    Alfuerto, Joel
    Batang-i , Philip
    Enojas, Mary Ann Jasmen
    Herman, Rem
    Gabinete, Albert
    Magramo, Christa Mie
    Quintano, Audrey Fel
    The next basin is irrigated with the supply discharge plus the drainage water from the upstream basin (or
    basins).

    Design Criteria

    Topography - The basin shall be nearly if not completely level to prevent tailwater. A difference of 6 cm to 9
    cm between the highest and lowest elevations may be allowed such that it is less than one-half of the net
    depth of application.

    Soil type - Sandy soils or fine-textured soils that crack when dry shall be avoided to maintain adequate basin
    ridge height. 6.2.3 Application rate - Irrigation water shall be applied at a rate that will advance over the basin
    in a fraction of the infiltration time

    Irrigation volume - The volume of water applied shall be equal to the average gross irrigation application.

    Intake opportunity time -The intake opportunity time at all points in the basin shall be greater than or equal
    to the time required for the net irrigation to infiltrate the soil. The longest intake opportunity time at any
    point in the basin area shall be sufficiently short to avoid scalding and excessive percolation losses.

    Depth of water - The depth of water flow shall be contained by the basin dikes.
    Design application efficiency - The minimum design application efficiency shall be 70% thus, the minimum
    time required to cover the basin shall be 60% of the time required for the net application depth to infiltrate
    the soil.

    Basin dikes – Top width of the basin dike shall be greater than or equal to the height of the dike. The settled
    height shall be at least equal to either the gross applicatio depth or the design maximum depth of flow plus a
    freeboard of 25%, whichever is greater.

    Supply ditches – Supply ditches shall convey the design inflow rate of each basin or multiples of the design
    flow rate where more than one basin is irrigated simultaneously. The water surface in the ditch shall be 15 cm
    to 30 cm above the ground surface level in the basin depending on the outlet characteristics. The ditches
    shall be constructed with a 0.1% grade or less to minimize the number of check structures and labor
    requirements.

    Outlet location – One outlet shall be installed for basin widths of up to 60 m and flow rates up to 0.4. Multiple
    outlets at various locations may be installed depending on the rate of flow require and the width of the basin.

    Drainage – Surface drainage facilities shall be provided for basins with low or moderate intake soils and in
    high rainfall areas.
    Erosion – The maximum water flow velocity into the basin shall be 1 m/s to avoid scouring and erosion.

    Agricultural practice – The width of the agricultural machinery or implement to be used in the basin shall be
    considered in finalizing the width.

    Design Procedure - The design procedure is based on the objective to flood the entire area in a reasonable
    length of time so that the desired depth of water can be applied with a degree of uniformity over the entire
    basin. Table 2 shows the suggested basin size for different soil types and flow while Table 3 shows the
    maximum basin width based on slope. Figure 5 outlines the design procedure.

    Flow Rate Soil Type Slope

    Basin Area Maximum Width

    Basin Length

    Figure 5 - Design Procedure for Basin Irrigation Design


    Operation

    Direct Method - Irrigation water is led directly from the field channel into the basin through siphons, spiles or
    bundbreaks.

    Cascade Method - Irrigation water is supplied to the highest terrace, and then allowed to flow to a lower
    terrace and so on.
    BORDER
    IRRIGATION
    7.1 Types of Border Irrigation

    Open -end Border System


    - This is usually applied to large borders where the
    end borders are provided with openings to accommodate free
    flow of water for drainage.
     Blocked- end Border System
    - This is usually applied to small borders where the
    end borders restrict the further downward flow of water.
    7.2 DESIGN CRITERIA

     Crop – All close growing, non- cultivated, sown or drilled


    crops, except rice and other crops grown in ponded water
    can be irrigated by border irrigation.

    Topography – Areas shall have slopes of less than 0.5%.


    For non-sod crops, slopes of up to 2% may be acceptable
    and slopes of 4% and steeper for sod crops.

    Soil Type – The soil shall have a moderately low to


    moderately high intake rate which is 7.6 mm/hr to 50
    mm/hr. Coarse sandy soils with extremely high and those
    with extremely low intake rate shall be avoided.
    CROP
    TOPOGRAPHY

    SOIL TYPE
    Stream Size – The stream size shall be large enough to
    adequately spread water across the width of border.

    Irrigation Depth – A larger irrigation depth shall be


    aimed by making the border strip longer in order to allow
    more time for the water to reach the end of the border
    strip.

    Cultivation Practices – The width of borders shall be


    a multiple of the farm machinery used in the field.
    STREAM SIZE CULTIVATION
    PRACTICES

    IRRIGATION
    DEPTH
    7.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE

    FLOW RATE SOIL TYPE SLOPE

    MAXIMUM BORDER WIDTH

    MAXIMUM BORDER LENGTH

    Figure 6 – Design for Border Irrigation Design


    7.4 OPERATION

     Borders are irrigated by diverting a stream of water from


    the channel to the upper end of the border where it flows
    down the slope. When the desired amount of water has been
    delivered to the border, the stream is turned off which may
    occur before the water has reached the end of the border.

    The following may be used as guidelines:

     On clay soils, the inflow is stopped when the irrigation


    water covers 60% of the border.
     On loamy soils, the inflow is stopped when 70 to 80% of
    the border is covered with water.
     On sandy soils, the irrigation water must cover the entire
    border before the flow is stopped.
    Types of Furrow Irrigation

    ◦ Corrugation Irrigation

    -The water flows down the


    slope in small furrows called corrugations
    or rills which is used for germinating
    drill-seeded or broadcasted crops.

    -No raised beds are used for crops.


    ◦ Zigzag Irrigation

    -This type of furrow irrigation shall increase the length that


    the water must travel to reach the end of irrigation run thus, reducing
    the average slope and velocity of the water.

    -This can be formed down and across the slope by machines.


    Figure 7 – Zigzag Furrow
    Design Criteria
    ◦ Slope – The minimum grade shall be 0.05% to facilitate effective
    drainage following irrigation and excessive rainfall. If the land slope is
    steeper than 0.5%, furrows shall be set at an angle to the main slope or
    along the contour to keep furrow slopes within the recommended limits.

    ◦ Soil Type – Furrows shall be short in sandy soils to avoid excessing


    percolation losses while furrows can be longer in clayey soils.
    ◦ Stream Size – If the furrows are not too long, 0.5 L/s of stream flow shall be
    adequate for irrigation but the maximum stream size shall largely depend on
    the furrow slope.

    ◦ Irrigation Depth – Larger irrigation depths shall allow longer furrows.

    ◦ Cultivation Practice – Compromise shall be made between the machinery


    available to cut furrows and the ideal plant spacing while ensuring that the
    spacing provides adequate lateral wetting on all soil types
    DESIGN PROCEDURE

    Maximum Furrow Slope


    Stream Size per
    Furrow Soil Type Net Irrigation Depth

    Maximum Furrow Length

    Figure 8 – Design Procedure for Furrow Irrigation Design


    FURROW LENGTH
    Furrow Maximum Clay Loam Sand
    Slope Stream
    (%) Size (1/s) Net Irrigation Depth (mm)
    per furrow
    50 75 50 75 50 75

    0.0 3.0 100 150 60 90 30 45


    0.1 3.0 120 170 90 125 45 60
    0.2 2.5 130 180 110 150 60 95
    0.3 2.0 150 200 130 170 75 110
    0.5 5 – Practical
    Table 1.2 150 of Maximum
    Values 200 130 170
    Furrow Lengths 75Depending
    (m) 110
    on Slope, Soil Type, Stream Size, and Net Irrigation Depth
    GROSS DEPTH OF IRRIGATION
    GROSS DEPTH OF IRRIGATION

    Let’s say you have a stream size of 0.5 cubic


    meters per second, you apply water for 4
    hours, your furrow length is 200 meters, and
    your wetted furrow spacing is 1 meter.
    PUMP DISCHARGE
    PUMP DISCHARGE

    Let’s consider an irrigation system where the


    stream size is 0.4 cubic meters per second,
    and there are 6 furrows actively flowing with
    water.

    You might also like