A PRESENTATION BY:

JAPJOT KAUR
IX-C
12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 JAPJOT KAUR
WIKIPEDIA
BYJUS
PINTREST
 INDEX
 WHAT IS A DISASTER?
 WHAT IS DISASTER MANEGMENT CYCLE?
 WHAT IS VULNERABILITY AND RISK?
 WHAT IS A HAZARD?
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN: HAZARD, DISASTER.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MITIGATION
 EARTHQUAKE:
1. WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
2. CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE.
3. EARTHQUAKE DO’S AND DON’TS
4. PREVENTION & MITIGATION MEASURES
5. SAFETY KIT
6. LATEST MEANS OF FORCASTING
 LANDSLIDES
1. WHAT IS A LANDSLIDE?
2. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE
3. LANDSLIDE DO’S AND DON’TS
4. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES
5. SAFETY KIT
6. CASE STUDY
 WHAT IS A DISASTER?
A disaster is a destructive event that occurs suddenly and involves
loss of life and property.
Disasters can be of two types, natural and man-made.

 Earthquakes, volcanic activity, tsunamis, floods, cyclones,

landslides, avalanches and droughts are natural disasters and man
has no control over them.

 The man-made disasters are triggered by human beings. Some of

the man-made disasters are: bomb explosions, terrorism, war or
civil war, leakage of poisonous chemicals, breach in dams, air or
water pollution, industrial accidents and epidemics.
 WHAT IS DISASTER MANEGMENT
CYCLE?
 The Disaster management cycle illustrates the
ongoing process by which governments,
businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce
the impact of disasters, react during and
immediately following a disaster, and take steps to
recover after a disaster has occurred.

Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle lead

to greater preparedness, better warnings, reduced
vulnerability or the prevention of disasters during
the next iteration of the cycle. The complete
disaster management cycle includes the shaping of
public policies and plans that either modify the
 WHAT IS VULNERABILITY AND RISK?
• Vulnerability is the inability to resist a
hazard or to respond when a disaster has
occurred. For instance, people who live on
plains are more vulnerable to floods than
people who live higher up.

• Risk is the probability of harmful

consequences, or expected losses (deaths,
injuries, property, livelihoods, economic
activity) resulting from interactions
between natural or human induced hazards
and vulnerable conditions.
 WHAT IS A HAZARD?
• A hazard can be defined as a potentially
damaging physical event, social and
economic disruption or environmental
degradation. Typical examples of
hazards can be absence of rain (leading
to drought) or presence of more than
enough rain(leading to floods).
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN:

HAZARD DISASTER
• A dangerous situation that poses a • An event that completely causes
threat to human life. damage to human life and property.
• It has more critical consequences.
• It has less critical consequences.
• It often happens in a short time,
• It takes its full shape after a series causing more severe effects.
of events, which might have led to
happen.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MITIGATION
• The significance of mitigation is its aim to reduce the severity of loss, harm,
or destruction due to hazardous calamities. The main strategies for
mitigation are the goals, the actions, and the action plan taken to reduce the
hazard impact.
• Mitigation efforts undertaken to prevent climate change due to global
warming are a must for every country . It is for preventing natural and man-
made hazards like landslides, forest fires etc. prevent loss to a great extent.
 EARTHQUAKE
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
• An earthquake is a sudden tremor or movement of the earth's
crust, which usually originates at or below the surface. The
outer layer of the earth is solid and is divided into many
sections known as plates. These plates, float over the molten
magma that flows beneath the earth's crust.
• Apart from natural causes like the movement of the Earth's
tectonic plates and volcanic eruptions, there are other man-
made causes of earthquakes. These include vibrations caused
by big rocks falling down hills because of erosion, hollow
parts of mines falling down due to dissolution of minerals by
water and, in the present times, due to nuclear explosions.
 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES
• Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of stress
along faults in the earth’s crust. The continuous motion
of the tectonic plates causes the steady build of
pressure in the rock strata on both sides of the fault
until stress is great enough, which is released in jerky
and sudden movement. These resulting waves of
seismic energy originate through the ground and over
the surface, causing the shaking that we feel as
earthquakes.
EARTHQUAKE DO’S AND DON’TS

DO’S DON’TS
• Drop to the floor, take cover under a • Do not turn on the gas again if you turned it off;
sturdy desk or table, and hold on to it let the gas company do it
• Do not use matches, lighters, camp stoves or
so that it doesn’t move away from barbecues, electrical equipment, appliances
you. Wait there until the shaking stops. UNTIL you are sure there are no gas leaks. They
• If you are in a structurally sound may create a spark that could ignite leaking gas
building, stay there. and cause an explosion and fire
• Do not use your telephone, EXCEPT for a
• If you are inside an old weak medical or fire emergency. You could tie up the
structure, take the fastest and safest lines needed for emergency response. If the
way out. phone doesn't work send someone for help
• Do not use elevators. • Do not expect firefighters, police or paramedics
to help you. They may not be available.
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
• If indoors, drop to the ground and take cover by getting under a sturdy table
or a piece of furniture. Hold on until the shaking stops.
• If there isn’t a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your
arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.
• Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that
could fall, such as lighting fixtures or heavy bookcases.
• Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to move about. Injuries
most often occur when people inside buildings attempt to move during the
earthquake. Beware of aftershocks.
 SAFETY KIT
• Non-perishable and high-energy food items.
• Water in bottles or other sealed containers.
• Medications (must be properly safeguarded).
• First aid kit.
• Comfortable shoes and socks.
• Flashlight and batteries.
• Battery-operated radio and batteries.
• Cash.
• Books, pack of cards, etc.
• Include enough food and water for your pets.
 LATEST MEANS OF FORCASTING
EARTHQUAKE
• Unusual Animal Behavior:
• It is a well established fact that animals are endowed with certain sensory
perceptions denied to human beings. Some of the animals have much better
power of sniffing, hearing, seeing and sensing than the human beings.
• Temperature Change:
• There seems to be some relation between temperature and earthquakes. The
epicentral distances of these earthquakes where observations were taken in
hot spring/well were 10 and 30 km and precursory periods were 42 and 72
days respectively.
• Water Level:
• There are drastic changes in water level in several wells just before a major
earthquake.
• Oil Wells:
• It has been suggested that when the tectonic stress accumulates to a certain level, the
pore pressure within a deep oil bearing strata reach its breaking strength causing oil to
sprout along the oil wells.
• Foreshocks:
• Generally major earthquakes are preceded by minor shocks known as foreshocks.
These foreshocks provide valuable dues to the occurrence of a strong earthquake. Some
of the earthquakes have been successfully predicted on the basis of study of foreshocks.
 LANDSLIDES
WHAT ARE LANDSLIDES?
• A landslide is described as a mass of
rock, debris or earth moving down a
slope. Landslides are a form of mass
waste under the direct influence of
gravity, that indicates any down-
slope movement of rock and soil. The
word landslide encompasses five
forms of slope movement, topples,
falls, spreads, slides and flows.
 CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• Slope movement occurs whenever down-slope
forces exceed the strength of the earth’s
materials that make up the slope.
• Slope movement occurs whenever down-slope
forces exceed the strength of the earth’s
materials that make up the slope.
• The shaking of earthquakes and some other
factor can also cause aquatic landslides.
 DO’S AND DON’TS DURING A
LANDSLIDE
DO’S DON’TS
• If you stay in a landslide-prone • Don't drive during the landslide.
area, then try to evacuate the place • Don’t cross any stream or flooding
as early as possible. river.
• Keep a watch on the water in the • Try to adhere to instructions given
stream or channel. by the Government and do not
• Try to connect with the local ignore those.
authority for relief or help. • Do not ignore damp areas or any
• Keep watch on the road for mud mark of cracks on roads and
blocks or debris overflow. buildings.
 PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
• The country should identify the vulnerable areas and actions should be taken
in this regard on a priority basis.
• Hazard mapping can be done to identify the areas which are more prone to
landslides.
• The country should specify codes or standards etc. For the construction of the
buildings and other purposes in such areas of risk.
• Restricting development in landslide areas and protecting the existing ones.
• Response teams should be quick to deal with landslides if they occur.
 EMERGENCY KIT
• Water
• Food
• Extra Batteries
• Flashlight
• Multi-purpose tool
• Sanitation and personal hygiene items
• Cell phone with chargers
• Family and emergency contact information
• Extra cash
 CASE STUDY ON LANDSLIDE
In 2008, Wenchuan earthquake happened in China that caused more than 15,000
geohazards in the form of landslides, rock falls, and debris flows, which resulted in
about 20,000 peoples death. Cho has performed probabilistic slope stability and
seepage analyses method to determine the effects of spatial variability on the slope
stability and mean discharge. It was found that weak correlation increases
uncertainty in the sampled soil properties. Other examples include over steepening
of slopes by undercutting the bottom and loading the top of a slope to exceed the
bearing strength of the soil or other component material. Populations expanding
onto new lands, which convert the agricultural land into non-agricultural land,
causes shortage of agricultural land. Landslides may also occur on stable areas due
to other human activities such as irrigation, lawn watering, draining of reservoirs
(or creating them), leaking pipes, and improper excavating or grading on hill slopes.
Eventually, these areas discourage many habitants to live and use sloping land for
agricultural productivity.