NOUN CLAUSE

INTRODUCTION
0 A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. There are two types of
clauses: independent clause and dependent clause.
0 A Noun Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own,
and does the work of a Noun.
He talked about it. (Noun)
He talked about the plan. (Noun Phrase)
He talked about what he was going to do. (Noun Clause)

0 Since a noun clause does the work of a Noun in a complex sentence, it can be:

1. an subject of a verb. 7. the subject complement.

2. the object of a transitive verb. 8. the adjective complement
3. the indirect object 9. the object of infinitive
4. the indirect object 10. the object of gerund
5. the object of preposition 11. the object complement
6. an apposition of noun/pronoun
 1. SUBJECT OF A VERB
0 It functions as the subject of a dependent clause and does exactly
what a subject does
0 Look at the following examples:
It surprises me (N/P)
That he passed the exam surprises me. (NC)
The matter was a chief concern (NP)
How the country could fall into chaotic situation was a chief
concern. (NC)
The reason of his leaving is a mystery (NP)
Why he left is a mystery. (NC)
0 More examples:
That it would rain seemed likely. What
he said was true,
When I will return is uncertain.
 2. OBJECT OF A VERB
0 It functions as the object of a verb in a sentence, particularly of a
transitive verb

0 Examples:
She denied the charge . (NP)
She denied that she had written the letter. (NC)
I cannot describe the matter (Noun)
I cannot describe what happened and how it happened (NP)

0More examples:
He says that he won’t go.
I hoped that it was true. Tell
me why you did this. Tell me
where you live.
No one knows who he is.
 3.DIRECT OBJECT
0 It functions as the indirect object of a verb in a sentence,
particularly of a verb which has two objects

0 Examples:
The teacher teaches the students emergency management

(NP)
The teacher teaches the students what they should do
in
emergency situations (NC)
She gave me assistance (NP)
She gave me what I needed (NC)

0More examples:
The father bought his son what he wanted .
IO DO
 4.INDIRECT OBJECT
0 As a direct object, a noun clause comes after a transitive verb which
commonly has two objects , direct and indirect.
0 Consider this:
The government provides the refugees a shelter
The sentence has two objects; the refugees (IO) and a shelter (DO)
0 Both the IO and IO can be expanded into noun clause.
The government provides whoever is in need a shelter
whoever is in need is a noun clause having its own S and V and
functioning as an indirect object of the verb provides

0 Examples:
Mrs. Scott assigned whoever was late extra homework.
Now he gives whatever happened a new meaning
 5. THE OBJECT OF A
PREPOSITION.
0 It follows a preposition to complete the meaning of the
prepositional phrase.
0 Examples:

Sarah didn’t listen to Mary’s words Sarah

didn’t listen to what Mary said.

He wants to learn about everything

He wants to learn about whatever is
interesting.

0 More examples:
Pay careful attention to what I am going to say. There is
no meaning in what you say.
There were no complaints except that the day was too hot. Some people
believe in whatever organized religion tells them.
 6. APPOSITION TO A NOUN OR
PRONOUN
0 Apposition/appositive means “placing near”, grammatically refers to words,
phrases, and clauses that describe or explain another noun/noun phrase.
0 In the following examples, the noun clauses gives more description or
additional information to noun phrases before them:
That man, whoever he was, tried to steal some library books.
The problem, that the storm knocked out power, is affecting the entire town.
His belief that some day he would succeed cheered him through many
disappointments.
The report that he was killed in a car accident was false.
0 Compare the following sentences:

The report that they broadcasted the news was

untrue. The report that they broadcasted last week was untrue.
He made a promise that he would return all the money. He
made a promise that he couldn’t keep
 7.

SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

0 Verbs of incomplete predication usually express the idea of being,

becoming, seeming, appearing.
0 The complement usually consists of a Noun (called a Predicative Noun),
an Adjective (called a Predicative Adjective), or an Adverb (called
Predicative Adverb)
0 When the Complement describes the Subject, as in the following
sentences, it is called a Subjective Complement:
Tabby is a cat.
The earth is round. John
became a soldier.
Mr. Mehta became mayor. The
man seems tired.
All six-graders are on the
school yard.
 SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
0 A noun clause can take the role as subjective complement as in the
following examples:

My belief is that he will not come.

Her constant prayer was that the child might live. His great
fear is that he may fail.
Their request will be that they may be allowed to resign. They look
that the have just accomplished something.
Life is what we make it. This
is where I live.
Hary’s mistake was that he
refused to take lessons.
What is in his heart is what
he shows in through his
 8. ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
0 As an adjective complement, a noun clause describes the
adjective before it. It completes the meaning of the adjective
phrase

0Examples:
He is happy that he is learning English.
We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult. They felt
sorry that they lost the match.
The patient was sure that he would recover. She did not
seem hopeful that he would arrive.
They was surprised that their team won the match It is
disappointing that you said that.
 9. OBJECT OF INFINITIVE
0 As an object of infinitive, a noun clause functions not as the
object of the main verb, but of the infinitive.

Everyone wanted to know where they went

The investigator came to notice what they might have missed

0 Examples:
He went to fix what he had done.
Please, feel free to ask whatever you want to know We are
determined to do what we want to do.
 10. OBJECT OF GERUND
0 A noun clause can function as the object of a gerund in a gerund phrase.

Knowing where they went is essential.

Preserving what is left in nature needs a collective effort.

0 Examples:
Believing what your eyes see sometimes leads you to
misunderstanding.

She is really good in deciding what should be done and

estimating what it costs.
 11. OBJECT COMPLEMENT
0 An object complement occurs when the verb requires a complement for the
object. Verbs like call, appoint, elect, name, and make are possible to have an
object complement.
0 Examples:
You may call me a dreamer. ( “a dreamer” is a complement for ”me”) They
appointed him a leader. ( “a leader” is a complement for “him”)

You may call me whatever you wish

They appointed him what he really deserved

0 Be careful!
An object complement is different from a direct object, though it the verb is
similar.
She always makes me scrambled egg for breakfast (direct object) The will
make her the captain of the team (object complement)
 NOUN CLAUSE
MARKERS
0 A noun clause is always begun with a noun clause
marker, or sometimes called subordinator.

0 Here are the noun clause markers used in noun clause:

1. that
2. if, whether
3. Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who,
whom, whose, why
4. Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever,
wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
 NOUN CLAUSE
MARKERS
0 The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of
clause .

1. “that” is used for a statement:

I know that Billy made a mistake
The truth was that the moving company lost all your furniture.
2. “if” and “whether” are used for yes/no questions:
George wonders if Fred knows how to cook
I did not know whether I should laugh or cry
3. “wh-words” are used for wh-questions:
I don’t know where George is
They guessed what he meant
4. “wh-ever words” are used for wh-questions:
Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it.
George eats whatever is on his plate
 MORE ABOUT NOUN
CLAUSE
0 Except for “that”, noun clause markers cannot be omitted:
He swore that he would take
vengeance He swore he would take
vengeance
0 “That” cannot be omitted when it functions
as a subject marker:
That they would oppose the plan was
clear from the beginning.
0 A subject noun clause always functions as a
singular noun:
What they want is an honest answer.
Where she lived was an abandoned public
building.
0 Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main
clause is a question:
Do you know what time it is? (not what time is it)
Everybody wondered where the man went (not where did the man go)
 NOUN CLAUSE IN REPORTED
SPEECH
0 Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said.
0 The most significant grammatical feature is the change in the verb form in
the reported clause.

Quoted Speech Reported Speech

1 She said, “I study every day.” She said (that) she studied every day

2 She said, “I’m studying.” She said (that) she was

studying.
3 She said, “I have studied.” She said (that) she had studied.
4 She said, “I studied last night.” She said (that) she had studied the
night before.
5 She said, “I will study.” She said (that) she would study.
6 She said, “I’m going to study.” She said (that) she was going to
study
 NOUN CLAUSE IN REPORTED
SPEECH
7 She said, “I can study.” She said (that) she could study.
8 She said, “I may study.” She said (that) she might study.
9 She said, “I might study.” She said (that) she might study.
10 She said, “I must study.” She said (that) she had to study.
11 She said, “I have to study.” She said (that) she had to study.
12 She said, “I should study.” She said (that) she should study.
13 She said, “I ought to study.” She said (that) she ought to
study.
14 She said, “Study!” She told me to study.*)
15 She said, “Do you study?” She asked (me) if I studied.**)
*. In reported speech, an imperative sentence is changed into infinitive.
Tell is used instead of say as reporting verb. Note that tell is
immediately followed by a noun/pronoun object, but say is not.
**. Ask is commonly used instead of say in reported question. Like tell, ask is
immediately followed by a noun/pronoun object.
 NOTES ON REPORTED SPEECH
0 If the reporting verb is in the past (e.g. said), the verb in the noun clause will usually
also be in the past form (see the examples on the previous page)
0 When the reporting verb is in simple present, present perfect or future, the noun clause
verb is not changed:
She says, “I study every day.” ---- She says (that) she studies every day.
She has said, “I study every day.” ----- She has said (that) she studies
every day.
She will say, “I study every day.” ------ She will say (that) she studies
every day.
o Sometimes in spoken English, no change is made in the noun clause verb, especially
when the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said:
A: What did the teacher just say? I didn’t hear him.
B: He said he wants us to read Chapter 6 (“ I want you to read Chapter 6”)
o Sometimes the present tense is retained when the reported sentence
deals with a general truth:
She said that there are 29 days in February if it is a leap year.
 CHANGE OF SITUATION

•Direct Speech Indirect Speech

•this that there
here then that
now day
today the day before / the previous day the
•yester next day
day
the week before / the previous week
•tomorrow the following month

last week next

month ago before

 CHANGE OF SITUATION

However, situation (time and place) does not change when:

0 Reporting what someone said on the same time. Example: Fred

said, “I am going to tell her this afternoon.” Fred said that he

was going to tell her this afternoon.
This means that Fred said this on the same day you report what he said.
0 Reporting same situation with no change in reference of place.
Example:
Fred said, “I love living here in this house.” Fred said that
he loved living here in this house.
This means that there is no change in reference of place between the direct
and indirect speech.
 REPORTING STATEMENTS

0 Reporting statement follows the general rules of reporting speech.

0 Statement means what someone (had) said in affirmative sentence
without any notion of offer, promise, command, advice, or
prohibition.
0 Example:

The President said, “The GNP rose by ten percent last year, and it is
expected to increase to twelve percent this year.”

The President said that the GNP had risen by ten percent the previous
(last) year, and it was expected to increase to twelve percent that (this)
year.
 REPORTING
QUESTIONS
0 Questions words used for clause connectors when the direct speech is in “Wh”
question:
The interviewer asked me, “Why do you apply for the job and what do you know
about this company?”
The interviewer ask me why I applied for the job and what I knew about that
(the) company.
0 “If” or “whether” are used if the direct speech is a “yes/no”
question: Tom asked Kira, “Do you like the movie?’
Tom asked Kira if she liked the movie.

Mom asked me, ”Are you coming with us or not?”

Mom asked me whether I was coming with them or not, or
Mom asked me whether or not I was coming with them (formal).
 REPORTING REQUEST & ORDER

0 When reporting request or order, we can use the structure reporting verb + object + to
infinitive / to be. Verbs used include ask, tell, order. Examples:
She asked me, “Can you open open the window?” She
asked me to open the window.

She said, “Tell me the whole story!” She

asked me to tell the whole story.

She said, “Go and fetch some water!” She told

me to go and fetch some water.

He said to the guard, “Open the door!” He

ordered the guard to open the door.

0 Negative imperative uses the structure reporting verb + object + not to:
She said, “Don’t tell anyone about what I said to you!”
She asked me to not to tell anyone about what she had said to me
 REPORTING PROMISES &
ADVICES
0 Promises are what somebody intends or is going to do, whether it is said in the past,
present or future. Example:
He said, “I will study and work harder after this.” He promised
to study and work harder after that, or:
He said that he would study and work harder after that.

0 Advice is what somebody suggest others to do. Verbs used include advise, suggest.
Example:
He said to Anton, “I think you should see the doctor right away.” He advised
Anton to see the doctor right away.

He said, “You better come earlier tomorrow, Frank” He

advised Frank to come earlier the following day.

He said, “Let’s wait for Alex here.” He

suggested to wait for Alex there.
 REPORTING EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
0 Exclamatory sentences express the state of grief, wonder or happiness. Following are the
point to keep in mind before changing exclamatory sentences from direct speech into
indirect speech: 1). Understand the mood of sentences,
2) Use appropriate joining clause for exclamatory sentence, 3). Follow the other
rules of direct and indirect speech.
0 Examples:
Alex said, “Hurrah! I have solved the problem.” (mood = joy) Alex
expressed with joy that he had solved the problem, or:

Alex said, “Oh God! I failed the exam again.” (mood = sorrow) Alex
expressed in sorrow that he had failed the exam again, or:

Alex said, “Wow! What a beautiful day.” (mood = wonder). Alex

expressed with wonder that it was a beautiful day, or:

Alex said, “Help! Please, somebody help. (mood = urgency) Alex

cried for help.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
He said, "Alas! I have lost another opportunity" He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost another
opportunity.

They said, "Hurrah! we have achieved our goal timely" They exclaimed with great joy that they had achieved their goal
timely.

She said, "vow! what a beautiful house this is" She exclaimed with wonder that it was a beautiful house.

She said, "How lucky you are to get a good job!" She expressed with great wonder that I was lucky to get a good
job.

Alex said, "What a great idea it is!" Alex expressed with wonder that it was great idea.

Mark said, "Hurrah! it is an easy to solve sum" Mark expressed with great joy that it was an easy sum.

Teacher said, "what a great achievement my students have got this Teacher expressed with great joy that his students got great
year! achievement that year.

Old lady said, "aha! my son died early. Old lady exclaimed with great sorrow that her son died early.

Teacher said, "Good! you have made it easy" Teacher exclaimed with surprise that I had made it easy.

Old man said, "Pooh! how a cruel time this is" Old man exclaimed with great contempt that it was a cruel
time.

Captain said, "Bravo! you got a catch" Captain applauded me that I got a good catch.
 MORE EXAMPLES
The doctor said, “Don’t eat too much sweet Mr. Mason.” The
doctor told Mr. Mason not to eat too much sweet.

The woman said to the man, “Please be careful when you pass me the box.” The
woman asked the man to be careful when he passed her the box.

Joan said, “I will work on the program in two minutes.” Joan

promised to work on the program in two minutes.

The man said, “I’ll sign the contract.” The

man agreed to sign the contract.

The young man said to the old lady, “Let me help you with the groceries.” The
young man offered to help the old lady with the groceries.

The police offices said, “Don’t cross the road. It’s dangerous!” The
policed warned the pedestrians not to cross the road.