DSP1

Digital Signal Processing
Dr. Ahmad Salman
SEECS
Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, ©1999-2000 Prentice Hall Inc.
Course Objectives
• Objective :Develop intermediate and advanced

understanding of Digital Signal Processing Theory and
Applications
– A natural extension of Signals and Systems
– Know the fundamental signal processing tools
– Know how and where to use which tool
– Develop a mathematical foundation for advanced

signal processing techniques
Course Books
Required Text
Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 3rd or later Edition
Prentice Hall, Alan Oppenheim, Ronald Schafer
Lecture Notes
References
• Schaum’s Outlines: Digital Signal Processing
M. H. Hayes (Practice Problems)
• Understanding DSP-Lyons (2nd Edition)
• DSP-System analysis and design
Paulo S. R. Diniz et al.
MATLAB Exercises
• Signal Processing First J. H. McClellan et al.
• Digital Signal Processing-A computer based approach –Mitra
• Unlimited resources on internet
DSP Where !
DSP is Everywhere
DSP Where !
• Any information in nature exist in the form of some signal e.g.,
sound, purely electrical signal, EM signal, purely chemical
signal, purely mechanical signal OR combination of any of
these…
• Do you believe there must be some ONE and ONLY god

signal?
• Our aim is to visualize these signals and extract the

information of interest i.e., do some processing on these
signals.
• So, Signal Processing is Father of all Engineering Processing

as it tells you the basic structure and nature of a signal.
DSP Where !
• Remember this figure throughout your signal processing
life.
Input Output
Process
Signal Signal
• There are two side of mirror and hence the above figure
– Time side
– Frequency side
DSP Where !
• Communication – Signal Processing for Communication

– Equalization, Channel Estimation, Echo cancellation,
Detection, etc.
– Cellular phones, Satellite receivers, Modems, etc.
Courtesy : Lake of Soft

DSP Where !
• Speech (sound) Applications

– Speech compression, speaker identification, speech
enhancement in noisy environment, special effects
– Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-
speech,…
Speaker Recognition
Speech enhancement
DSP Where !
• Speech (sound) Applications

– Speech compression, speaker identification, speech
enhancement in noisy environment, special effects
– Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-
speech,…
DSP Where !
• Image Processing
– Image is after all a 2-D signal
Raw Image Filtered Image Pedestrian tracking
Vehicle tracking
DSP Where !
• Biomedical Signal Processing

– Magnetic Resonance, Tomography,
Electrocardiogram,…
DSP Where !
• Military
– Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote
sensing
DSP Where !
• Mechanical
– Motor control, process control, oil and mineral
prospecting,…
• Automotive
– ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control,
Parking,…
Course Outline
Review Should take no more than 2 sessions

– Discrete-Time Signals and System
• Discrete-Time Signals: Sequences
• Discrete-Time Systems
– Linear Time-Invariant Systems
• Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems
• Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations
– Freq. Domain Representation of Discrete-Time Signals
• Representation of Sequences by Fourier Transforms
• Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform
• Fourier Transform Theorems
Z-Transform 1-2 sessions
• Properties of the Region of Convergence of the z-Transform
• The Inverse Z-Transform
• Z-Transform Properties
Course Outline
Sampling of Continuous-Time Signals
- Periodic (Uniform) Sampling / Frequency-Domain Representation
- Reconstruction of a Bandlimited Signal from Its Samples
- Discrete time processing of continuous time signals
- Continuous time processing of discrete time signals
Transform Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Systems Optional

–The Frequency Response of LTI Systems
–Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations
–Frequency Response for Rational System Functions
–Relationship between Magnitude and Phase
–All-Pass Systems / Minimum-Phase Systems
Structures for Discrete-Time Systems

- Block Diagram Representation /Signal Flow Graph
Representation
- Basic Structures for IIR Systems / Transposed Forms
- Basic Structures for FIR Systems
Course Outline
Filter Design Techniques

- Design of Discrete-Time IIR Filters from Continuous-Time Filters
– Design of FIR Filters by Windowing
The Discrete-Fourier Transform & FFT

– Discrete Fourier Series
– The Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals
– The Discrete Fourier Transform
– FFT
Linear Prediction Analysis/Wavelet Transform/Signal
Enhancement
– Theory and applications
Power Spectrum Estimation

– Theory and applications
Course Weightages
Theory :
• Quizzes (5) 15%
• Assignments (1-2) : 5%
– Software
• Midterm 30%
– Written
– Software (Optional)
• Final Exam 40%
• Project 10%
Say Hello to DSP
• Signals in nature exist in continuous/analogue form. You can do

analogue signal processing.
• The aim of using computers for the ease of calculation is digital

signal processing.
• So, understand how to jump from analogue processing to digital

processing.
• Naturally standalone digital processing is extremely difficult: It

like defying nature.
How??
Say Hello to DSP
Say Hello to DSP
Say Hello to DSP
Discrete-Time Signals: Sequences
• Discrete-time signals are represented by sequence of numbers
– The nth number in the sequence is represented with x[n]
• Often times sequences are obtained by sampling of
continuous-time signals
10
-10
0 20 40 60 80 100 t (ms)
10
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 n (samples)
Basic Sequences
• Delaying (Shifting) a sequence
y[n]  x[n  no ]
1.5
• Unit sample (impulse) sequence
1
0 n  0
[n]   0.5
1 n  0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10
1.5
• Unit step sequence
0 n  0 1
u[n]  
1 n  0 0.5
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
• Exponential sequences 1
x[n]  An 0.5
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
Sinusoidal Sequences
• Important class of sequences
xn  coson  
jo
• An exponential sequence with complex    e and A  A e j
xn  An  A e j  e jon  A  e jon   

n n
xn  A  coson    j A  sinon  

n n
• x[n] is a sum of weighted sinusoids

• Different from continuous-time, the discrete-time sinusoids
– Have ambiguity of 2k in frequency
coso  2k n    coson  
2k
coson    coson  oN   only if N  is an integer
o

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Digital Signal Processing

Dr. Ahmad Salman

• Objective :Develop intermediate and advanced

– A natural extension of Signals and Systems

– Know the fundamental signal processing tools

– Know how and where to use which tool

– Develop a mathematical foundation for advanced

• Do you believe there must be some ONE and ONLY god

• Our aim is to visualize these signals and extract the

• So, Signal Processing is Father of all Engineering Processing

• Communication – Signal Processing for Communication

Courtesy : Lake of Soft

• Speech (sound) Applications

• Speech (sound) Applications

Raw Image Filtered Image Pedestrian tracking

• Biomedical Signal Processing

Review Should take no more than 2 sessions

Transform Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Systems Optional

Structures for Discrete-Time Systems

Filter Design Techniques

The Discrete-Fourier Transform & FFT

Power Spectrum Estimation

• Quizzes (5) 15%

• Final Exam 40%

• Signals in nature exist in continuous/analogue form. You can do

• The aim of using computers for the ease of calculation is digital

• So, understand how to jump from analogue processing to digital

• Naturally standalone digital processing is extremely difficult: It

x[n]  An 0.5

xn  An  A e j  e jon  A  e jon   

xn  A  coson    j A  sinon  

• x[n] is a sum of weighted sinusoids

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