Lecture 01

Digital Signal Processing Lecture 01
Table of contents
1. Course Break-Up Plan & Reference Books
2. Introduction
3. Applications of DSP
4. Discrete-time Signals
5. Elementary Discrete-time Signals
6. Important Transformations of Sequences
7. Energy and Power Signals
8. Discrete-time Systems
1
Course Break-Up Plan &
Reference Books
Marks Break-Up
• End Term Exam 50

• Mid Term Exam 25
• Unannounced Quiz (6) 10
• Assignments (3) 10
• Presentation/Design Course Work 05
2
Reference Books
1. John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis, “ Digital Signal

Processing Principles, Algorithms and Applications”,
Prentice Hall, (Latest Edition).
2. Alan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer, John R. Buck, ”Discrete
Time Digital Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall, (Latest Edition).
3. Emmanuel C. Ifeachor, Barrie W. Jervis, “Digital Signal
Processing, A Practical Approach”, Prentice Hall, (Latest
Edition).
4. Manolakis, Dimitris G., and Vinay K. Ingle. “Applied Digital Signal
Processing: Theory and Practice”. Cambridge University Press,
2011.
5. Sanjit K. Mitra, “Digital Signal Processing A Computer Based
Approach”, McGraw Hill, (Latest Edition).
6. Monson H. Hayes, “Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Digital Signal Processing”, McGraw Hill, (Latest Edition).
3
Introduction
Digital Signal Processing?
• Signal: information about the state or behaviour by means of a

pattern of variations/changes.
•Mathematically represented as function of one or more variables.
e.g., time, space etc.
s(x, y ) = 3x + 2xy + 10y 2
s(t ) = 20t 2
•Unknown, complex or highly complicated function relationship.
4
5
• Continuous-time signal:
defined for every value of time
t.
• Digital signal: discrete-time

signal with finite values of
amplitude.
6
• Digital signal processing: is the discipline concerned with the

representation, transformation and manipulation of the digital
signal and the information they contain.
• System: “A regularly interacting or independent group of items
forming a unified whole”.
or
•“A physical device that performs an operation on a signal”.
or
•“Extract useful information from a signal”.
• Types:
- Continuous-time system: transforms a continuous-time input signal
into a continuous-time output signal.
- Discrete-time system: transforms a discrete-time input signal into a
discrete-time output signal.
• Digital system: where input and output both are digital signals.
7
8
Applications of DSP
Applications of DSP
• Instrumentation and Control Position and rate control,

Spectrum Analysis etc.
• Communication Modulation and demodulation, Video
conferencing.
• Signal security Encryption and decryption, Multiplexing and
Demultiplexing.
• Data Compression Reduce space/computation required to
store/process data.
• Signal Denoising Filtering for noise reduction Speaker / system
identification.
• Audio processing Signal enhancement, equalization.
• Image processing Pattern Recognition, Robotic Vision,
Enhancement, Watermarking, Reconstruction.
9
Applications of DSP
• Data analysis and feature extraction Recognize structure in

data.
•F requency / spectral analysis Alternate approach to time
domain analysis.
• Signal generation TOUCH-TONE dialing, Music.
• Military Radar and Sonar processing, Missile guidance.
• Biomedical EEG, ECG, X-rays etc.
• Consumer Products Computer, Mobile, Camera, Digital TV.
10
Discrete-time Signals
Sequences
• Represented mathematically
as sequence of numbers.
x = x [n] for −∞ < n < ∞
• Periodic sampling of
continuous-time signal.
x [n] = xa[nT ] for −∞ < n < ∞
11
Discrete-time Signal Representations
12
Elementary Discrete-time
Signals
Elementary Discrete-time Signals
• Unit Sample Sequence: also

known as unit impulse signal.
.
0, n ƒ= 0
δ[n] =
1, n =0
• An arbitrary signal as a sum

of scaled, delayed impulses.
• In general
∞
Σ
x [n]= x [k ]δ[n − k ]
k = −∞
13
• Unit Step Sequence:

.
1, n≥0
u[n] =
0, n<0
•Unit step related to unit impulse by:
∞
Σ
u[n] = δ[k ]
k = −∞
or
∞
Σ
u[n] = δ[n − k ]
k = −∞
14
• Exponential Sequences: x [n] = Aαn.

•For positive value of A i.e., 0 < α < 1, decreasing positive value
sequence with increase in n.
•if −1 < α < 0 decreasing and alternating sign sequence with

increase in n.
15
•If |α| > 1 growing in amplitude sequence as n increases.
•If both A and α are complex valued i.e.,
α = |α|ejω0
A = |A|ejφ
then x [n] = Aαn is a complex exponential sequence.
16
• Periodic and Aperiodic Sequences: a sequence x [n] is

periodic if:
x [n] = x [n + N] for all n
•Example discrete-time sinusoid:
A cos(ω0n + φ) = A cos(ω0n + ω0N + φ)
if ω0N = 2πk .
•Some examples:
πn
x1[n] = cos( ) withN = 8
4
πn
x1[n] = cos( ) withN = 8
4
•Some examples:
πn
x1[n] = cos( ) with N=8
4
3πn
x2[n] = cos( ) with N = 16
8 17
Important Transformations of
Sequences
Important Transformations of Sequences
18
Energy and Power Signals
Energy and Power Signals
•The energy E of a signal x [n] is defined as:

∞
Σ
E= |x [n]|2
n=−∞
•The average power of a discrete-time signal x [n] is defined as:
P = lim 1 ΣN |x [n]|2
N→∞ 2N + 1
n=−N
•Some examples:
x [n] = 5(0.8)nu[n]
19
Discrete-time Systems
Discrete-time Systems
•A device or algorithm that performs some prescribed operation

on a discrete-time signal.
•Operates according to some well defined rule on input/excitation
to produce output/response.
•A transformation or operator for mapping an input x [n]into an
output y [n].
y [n] = Hx [n]
20
Classification of Discrete-time Systems
•Systems classes are defined based on the constraints on the

properties of transformations T{.}.
• Static or dynamic systems
y [n] = ax [n] is static
y [n] = nx [n] + bx 3[n] is static

y [n] = x [n] + 3x [n − 1] is dynamic
Σn
y [n] = x [n − k ] is dynamic
k =0
21
• Linear Systems: satisfies the Superposition Principle i.e.,

–Additivity property
T{x1[n] + x2[n]} = T{x 1[n]} + T{x2[n]} = y1[n] + y2[n]
–Homogeneity/Scaling property
T{ax [n]} = aT{x [n]} = ay [n]
–The superposition principle after combining these two properties:
T{ax1[n] + bx2[n]} = aT{x1[n]} + bT{x 2[n]}
–If inputs can be generalized as:
Σ
x [n] = ak xk [n]
k
then the output of a linear system will be:

Σ
y [n] = ak yk [n]
k
22
–Example: The Accumulator system: y [n] = n
x [k ]
k=
• Time-Invariant Systems:
–A time shift or delay of the input sequence causes a
corresponding shift in the output sequence.
–If input-output characteristics of a system don’t change with time.
Σ
–The Accumulator system i.e., y [n] = n k =−∞ x [k ] is time
invariant.
–While Compressor system i.e., y [n] = x [Mn] is time variant.
• Causality: output depend upon present and past inputs
(i.e., x [n], x [n − 1], x [n − 2], . . . ).
y [n] = x [n] − x [n − 1] is casual
y [n] = x [n + 1] − x [n] is non − casual
23
• Stability: if every bounded input produces a bounded output.
|x [n]| ≤ B x < ∞ for all n
|y [n]| ≤ B y < ∞ for all n

•Summary of discrete-time system properties.
24

Lecture 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Digital Signal Processing Lecture 01

1. Course Break-Up Plan & Reference Books

5. Elementary Discrete-time Signals

6. Important Transformations of Sequences

7. Energy and Power Signals

• End Term Exam 50

1. John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis, “ Digital Signal

• Signal: information about the state or behaviour by means of a

s(x, y ) = 3x + 2xy + 10y 2

• Digital signal: discrete-time

• Digital signal processing: is the discipline concerned with the

• Instrumentation and Control Position and rate control,

• Data analysis and feature extraction Recognize structure in

x = x [n] for −∞ < n < ∞

x [n] = xa[nT ] for −∞ < n < ∞

• Unit Sample Sequence: also

• An arbitrary signal as a sum

• Unit Step Sequence:

• Exponential Sequences: x [n] = Aαn.

•if −1 < α < 0 decreasing and alternating sign sequence with

•If |α| > 1 growing in amplitude sequence as n increases.

•If both A and α are complex valued i.e.,

• Periodic and Aperiodic Sequences: a sequence x [n] is

•The energy E of a signal x [n] is defined as:

•The average power of a discrete-time signal x [n] is defined as:

•A device or algorithm that performs some prescribed operation

•Systems classes are defined based on the constraints on the

y [n] = ax [n] is static

y [n] = nx [n] + bx 3[n] is static

• Linear Systems: satisfies the Superposition Principle i.e.,

then the output of a linear system will be:

y [n] = x [n] − x [n − 1] is casual

y [n] = x [n + 1] − x [n] is non − casual

• Stability: if every bounded input produces a bounded output.

|x [n]| ≤ B x < ∞ for all n

|y [n]| ≤ B y < ∞ for all n

You might also like