WCMC Chapter 4 - Wirelsess LAN Lec Concise

Chapter Four
Wireless Local Area Networks(WLANs)

Wireless LAN Overview
• A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local

area network that uses radio waves as its carrier.
• The last link with the users is wireless, to give a
network connection to all users in a building or
campus.
• The backbone network usually uses cables
Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Common Topologies
The wireless LAN connects to a wired LAN
• There is a need of an access point that bridges wireless LAN traffic into the
wired LAN.
• The access point (AP) can also act as a repeater for wireless nodes,
effectively doubling the maximum possible distance between nodes.

Classification of Wireless Networks
• Base Station :: all communication through an Access
Point (AP) {note hub topology}. Other nodes can be
fixed or mobile.
• Infrastructure Wireless :: AP is connected to the wired
Internet.
• Ad Hoc Wireless :: wireless nodes communicate directly
with one another.
• MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) :: ad hoc nodes
are mobile.

Wireless LANs
(a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad hoc networking.

WLAN Architecture
• Infrastructured wireless LAN
• Ad-Hoc LAN
Independent Basic Service Set Network

BSS and ESS
Basic (independent) service set (BSS) Extended service set (ESS)
• In ESS multiple access points connected by access points and a distribution

system as Ethernet
– BSSs partially overlap
– Physically disjoint BSSs
– Physically collocated BSSs (several antennas)
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
• IEEE 802.11 stations can dynamically form a
group without AP
• Ad Hoc Network: no pre-existing infrastructure
• Applications: “laptop” meeting in conference
room, car, airport; interconnection of “personal”
devices (see bluetooth.com); battlefield; pervasive
computing (smart spaces)
• IETF MANET
(Mobile Ad hoc NETworks)
working group

Integration With Existing Networks
• Wireless Access Points (APs) - a small device
that bridges wireless traffic to your network.
• Most access points bridge wireless LANs into
Ethernet networks.

LAN Technologies
802.11 Wireless LAN
Desktop
with PCI 802.11 LAN card
Network
connecti
vity to Access Point Laptop
with PCMCIA 802.11 LAN card
the
Provides
legacy network connectivity over wireless media
Anwired
Access Point (AP) is installed to act as Bridge between
LAN and Wired Network
Wireless
The AP is connected to wired network and is equipped
with antennae to provide wireless connectivity
Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN tseng:11
LAN Technologies
802.11 Wireless LAN
Range ( Distance between Access Point and WLAN client)
depends on structural hindrances and RF gain of the
antenna at the Access Point
To service larger areas, multiple APs may be installed
with a 20-30% overlap
A client is always associated with one AP and when the
client moves closer to another AP, it associates with the
new AP (Hand-Off)
Standards of 802.11:
802.11b
802.11a
802.11g
802.11n tseng:12
802.11a
• Uses 5 GHz RF spectrum
• Not compatible with 2.4 GHz spectrum, i.e. 802.11b/g/n
devices
• Range is approximately 33% that of the 802.11 b/g
• Supports data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps
• Relatively expensive to implement compared to other
technologies.
• Increasingly difficult to find 802.11a compliant equipment
• Has 12 to 23 clean channels depending on the country
802.11b
• Operate on 2.4GHz to 2.4835GHz radio band
• Supports data rates of 1, 2, 5.5, and 11 Mbps.
• Range of approximately 46 m (150 ft)
indoors/96 m (300 ft.) outdoors
802.11g
 2.4 GHz technologies
• Maximum data-rate increase to 54 Mbps
• Same range as the 802.11b
• Backward compatible with 802.11b
802.11n
• uses multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO)
technology
• 2.4 GHz technologies (draft standard specifies
support for 5 GHz)
• Extends the range and data throughput because it
uses multiple receiving & transmitting antenna
• Backward compatible with existing 802.11g and
802.11b equipment (draft standard specifies
support for 802.11a)
Wireless LAN Components
• There are various components that must be
considered in a WLAN including:
• a wireless client or STA,
• an Access Point,
• a Wireless Bridge
• and an antenna.
How are WLANs Different?
• Use specialized physical and data link protocols
• Integrate into existing networks through APs
• Make stay connected while roaming from one
coverage area to another
• Have unique security considerations
• Have specific interoperability requirements
• Require different hardware
• Offer performance that differs from wired LANs.

Physical and Data Link Layers
Physical Layer:
• The wireless NIC takes frames of data from
the link layer, scrambles the data in a
predetermined way, then uses the modified
data stream to modulate a radio carrier
signal.
Data Link Layer:
• Uses Carriers-Sense-Multiple-Access with
Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
What is IEEE 802.11?
•Standard for wireless local area networks (wireless
LANs) developed in 1990 by IEEE
•Intended for home or office use (primarily indoor)
•802.11 standard describes the MAC layer, while other
substandards (802.11a, 802.11b) describe the physical
layer
•Wireless version of the Ethernet (802.3) standard

IEEE 802 Standards Process
IEEE
802
802.11 802.15 802.16 802.20 802.18

WLAN WPAN WMAN WMAN Regulatory
Mobile Matters
802.11b 802.15.1 802.16d 802.18 SG1

11 Mbit/s Bluetooth Fixed Use of VHF/
UHF TV
802.11g 802.15.3 802.16e bands by LE
54 Mbit/s High rate Mobile equipment
802.11n 802.15.4 802.11j

100 Mbit/s Zigbee Relay
… … …
Wi-Fi Wi-MAX
Wireless LANS
• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

– Operates
• In the same manner as the Ethernet networks
• A device waits for silence on the radio frequency
– Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
– Operates in
• AD-Hoc mode or
• Uses a Access point (AP) to allow connection to wired
infrastructure

Wireless LANS
• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
CSMA RTS Access Point
CTS
RTS = Request to Send
Data CTS = Clear to Send
Data =
ACK ACK = Acknowledgment

Wireless LAN Protocols
• MACA protocol solved hidden and exposed

terminal problems:
– Sender broadcasts a Request-to-Send (RTS) and the
intended receiver sends a Clear-to-Send (CTS).
– Upon receipt of a CTS, the sender begins transmission
of the frame.
– RTS, CTS helps determine who else is in range or
busy (Collision Avoidance).
– Can a collision still occur?

802.11 LAN Architecture
 wireless host communicates
with base station
Internet
 base station = access point
(AP)
 Basic Service Set (BSS) ( “cell”)
in infrastructure mode contains:
hub, switch  wireless hosts
AP or router  access point (AP): base
station
BSS
 ad hoc mode: hosts only
1 AP
BSS 2 Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess
WLAN Network Planning
• Network planning target
– Maximize system performance with limited resource
– Including
• coverage
• throughput
• capacity
• interference
• roaming
• security, etc.
• Planning process
– Requirements for project management personnel
– Site investigation
– Computer-aided planning practice
– Testing and verifying planning

WLAN Benefits
• Mobility
– increases working efficiency and productivity
– extends the On-line period
• Installation on difficult-to-wire areas
– inside buildings
– road crossings
• Increased reliability
– Note: Pay attention to security!
• Reduced installation time
– cabling time and convenient to users and difficult-to-
wire cases
Wireless Sensor Networks:
• sensor
– A transducer
– converts physical phenomenon e.g. heat, light, motion,
vibration, and sound into electrical signals
• sensor node
– basic unit in sensor network
– contains on-board sensors, processor, memory, transceiver,
and power supply
• sensor network
– consists of a large number of sensor nodes
– nodes deployed either inside or very close to the sensed
phenomenon Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN
Wireless Sensor Networks Applications
Military Applications
• Monitoring friendly forces, equipment, and
ammunition
• Battlefield surveillance
• Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain
• Targeting
• Battle damage assessment
• Nuclear, biological, and chemical attack detection

Environmental Applications
• Forest fire detection
• Bio-complexity mapping of environment
• Flood detection
• Precision Agriculture
• Air and water pollution

Health Applications
• Telemonitoring of human physiological data
• Tracking and monitoring doctors and patients inside a
hospital
• Drug administration in hospitals
Home and Office Applications
• Home and office automation
• Smart environment

Automotive Applications
• Reduces wiring effects
• Measurements in chambers and rotating parts
• Remote technical inspections
• Conditions monitoring e.g. at a bearing

Other Commercial Applications
• Environmental control in office buildings (estimated
energy savings $55 billion per year!)
• Interactive museums
• Detecting and monitoring car thefts
• Managing inventory control
• Vehicle tracking and detection

Factors Influencing WSN Design
• Fault tolerance
• Scalability
• Production costs
• Hardware constraints
• Sensor network topology
• Environment
• Transmission media
• Power Consumption
– Sensing
– Communication
– Data processing

Thank You!

quiz
• 1. list 802.11 standards and describe based on
coverage area , data rate , frequencies they
used.
• 2. discuss about BSS , ESS and IBSS.

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Chapter Four

Wireless Local Area Networks(WLANs)

• A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

(a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad hoc networking.

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Basic (independent) service set (BSS) Extended service set (ESS)

• In ESS multiple access points connected by access points and a distribution

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

802.11 802.15 802.16 802.20 802.18

802.11b 802.15.1 802.16d 802.18 SG1

802.11n 802.15.4 802.11j

• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN tseng:23

• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

CSMA RTS Access Point

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN tseng:24

• MACA protocol solved hidden and exposed

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

BSS 2 Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

Wirelsess Local Area Network - WLAN

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