Wireless Communication and Mobile

Computing
 CHAPTER TWO
MOBILE COMPUTING
•Mobile Computing
•Mobile Communication
•Mobile Hardware
•Mobile Software
•Advantages of Mobile Computing
•Mobile Computing Future Trends
Mobile Computing
Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission
of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless
enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed
physical link.
The main concept involves:
 Mobile communication
 Mobile hardware
 Mobile software
Mobile Communication
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
This only describes the way of accessing a network or
other communication partners, i.e., without a wire. The
wire is replaced by the transmission of electromagnetic
waves through ‘the air’.
These would include devices such as Protocols,
Services, Bandwidth, and Portals necessary to facilitate
and support of the stated services.
The data format is also defined at this stage. This
ensures that there is no collision with other existing
systems which offer the same service.
Since the media is unguided/unbounded, the overlaying
infrastructure is more of radio wave oriented. That is, the
signals are carried over the air to intended devices that
are capable of receiving and sending similar kinds of
signals.
A communication device can thus exhibit one of the following
characteristics:
Fixed and wired: This configuration describes the
typical desktop computer in an office.
Mobile and wired: Many of today’s laptops fall into
this category; users carry the laptop from one hotel
to the next, reconnecting to the company’s network
via the telephone network and a modem.
Fixed and wireless: This mode is used for installing
networks, e.g., in historical buildings to avoid
damage by installing wires, or at trade shows to
ensure fast network setup.
Mobile and wireless: This is the most interesting
case. No cable restricts the user, who can roam
between different wireless networks. Today’s most
successful example for this category is GSM with
more than 800 million users.
Mobile Hardware
MOBILE
Mobile hardware COMMUNICATION
includes mobile devices or device
components that receive or access the service of
mobility. They would range from Portable laptops,
Smartphones, Tablet Pc's, Personal Digital
Assistants(PDAs).

These devices will have receptor medium that are
capable of sensing and receiving signals.

These devices are configured to operate in full-
duplex, whereby they are capable of sending and
receiving signals at the same time. They don't
have to wait until one device has finished
communicating for the other device to initiate
communications.

Above mentioned devices use an existing and
established network to operate on. In most cases,
it would be a wireless network.
Mobile Software
Mobile software is the actual program that run on
the mobile hardware.
It deals with the characteristics and requirements
of mobile applications.
This is the engine of that mobile device. In other
terms, it is the operating system of that appliance.
It's the essential component that makes the mobile
device operate.

Since portability is the main factor, this type
of computing ensures that users are not tied
or pinned to a single physical location, but
are able to operate from anywhere.

It will incorporate all aspects of wireless
communications.
 In today's computing world, different
technologies have come up.
 These have grown to support existing computer
networks all over the world. With mobile
computing, we find that the need to be confined
within one physical location has been
eradicated. We hear of terms such as
telecommuting.
 This is being able to work from home or the field
but at the same time accessing resources as if
one is in the office.
 The emergence of portable computers and
laptops, personal digital Assistants (PDA), PC
Tablets and Smartphones, has in turn made
mobile computing very convenient.
 The portability of the devices ensures and
enables user to access all services as if they
were in the internal network of their company.
 For example, the use of Tablet Pc and IPads.
This new technology enables users to update
documents, surf the internet, send and receive
e-mail, stream live video files, take photographs
and also support video and voice conferencing.
 The constant and ever increasing demand for superior
and robust smart devices has been as a catalyst for
market share.
 Each manufacturer is trying to curve a niche of
themselves in the market.
 These devices are invented and innovated to provide
top of the class applications and services.
 With cellular phones, different manufacturers have
come up with unique Smartphones that are capable of
performing the same tasks as computers and at the
same processing speed.
 The market share for different competitors is constantly
being fought for. For example the manufacturers of
Apple's Iphone OS, Google's Android' Microsoft
Windows Mobile, Research In Motion's Blackberry OS,
are constantly competing to offer better products with
each release.
 The need for better, portable, affordable, and robust
has also made these vendors to constantly be
innovative.
 Market figure and statistics show an ever rapidly
growing need to purchase and use such devices for
either professional or home use.
 This has also pushed other industry vendors to
adopt services that will provide better service
delivery. For example, cellular service providers are
forced to improve and be innovative to capture
more subscribers.
 This can be in terms of superior services such as
high speed internet and data access, voice and
video service etc. hence the adoption of different
generations of networks like of 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G
networks services.
Mobile computing is not limited to Mobile Phones only, but
also there are various gadgets available in the market
helping mobile computing. They are usually classified in
the following categories:
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
The main purpose of this device was to act as an electronic organizer
or day planner that is portable, easy to use and capable of sharing
information with computer systems.
PDA was an extension of the PC, not a replacement. These systems
were capable of sharing information with a computer system through a
process or service known as synchronization. Where both devices will
access each other to check for changes or updates in the individual
devices. The use of infrared and Bluetooth connections enabled these
devices to always be synchronized.
With PDA devices, a user could; browsers the internet, listen to audio
clips, watch video clips, edit and modify office documents, and many
more services. They had a stylus and a touch sensitive screen for input
and output purposes.
Smartphones
This kind of phone combines the features of a PDA with that of a
mobile phone or camera phone. It has a superior edge over other
kinds of mobile phones.
Smartphone have the capability to run multiple programs
concurrently.
These phones include high-resolution touch enabled screens, web
browsers that can access and properly display standard web pages
rather than just mobile-optimized sites, and high-speed data access
via Wi-Fi and high speed cellular broadband.
The most common mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern
Smartphones include Google's Android, Apple's iOS, Nokia's
Symbian, RIM's BlackBerry OS, Samsung's Bada, Microsoft's
Windows Phone, and embedded Linux distributions such as Maemo
and MeeGo.
Such operating systems can be installed on many different phone
models, and typically each device can receive multiple OS software
updates over its lifetime.
Tablet PC and I-Pads
This mobile device is larger than a mobile phone or a personal
Digital Assistant(PDA) and integrates into a touch screen and
operated using touch sensitive motions on the screen. They are often
controlled by a pen or touch of a finger. They are usually in slate
form and are light in weight. Examples would include; IPads,
Galaxy Tabs, Blackberry Playbooks etc.
They offer the same functionality as portable computers. They
support mobile computing to a far superior way and have enormous
processing power. User can edit and modify document files, access
high speed internet, stream video and audio data, receive and send e-
mails, perform lectures and presentations among very many other
functions. They have excellent screen resolution and clarity.
 Advantages of Mobile Computing
Mobile computing has changed the complete landscape of human
being life. Following are the clear advantages of Mobile
Computing:
 Location Flexibility
This has enabled user to work from anywhere as long as there is a
connection established. A user can work without being in a fixed
position. Their mobility ensures that they are able to carry out
numerous tasks at the same time perform their stated jobs.
 Saves Time
The time consumed or wasted by travelling from different locations
or to the office and back, have been slashed. One can now access
all the important documents and files over a secure channel and
work as if they were on their computer. It has enhanced
telecommuting in many companies. This also reduces unnecessary
expenses that might be incurred.
 Enhanced Productivity
Productive nature has been boosted by the fact that a worker can
simply work efficiently and effectively from which ever location
they see comfortable and suitable. Users are able to work with
comfortable environments.

 Entertainment
With the improvement and availability of high speed data
connections at considerable costs, one is able to get entertainment
they want as they browser the internet for streamed data.
Video and audio recordings can now be streamed on the go
using mobile computing.
Easy to access a wide variety of movies, educational and
informative material.
Watch news, movies, and documentaries among other
entertainment offers over the internet.
 Ease of research
Field officer and researchers collect and feed data to the system.

 Streamlining of Business Processes

•Sharing of information between business partners.
•Reduced lengthy travelling, since there is the use of voice and
video conferencing, E-Commerce.
•Meetings, seminars and other informative services can be
conducted using the video and voice conferencing.
•This cuts down on travel time and expenditure.
 Mobile Computing Future Trends
 3G,4G,5G
 3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a
generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile
telecommunication services
 Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone,
mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a
mobile environment.
 GPS (Global Positioning System)
 GPS is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides
location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or
near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to
four or more GPS satellites.
 The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil
and commercial users around the world. In addition, GPS is the
backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system,
weather, location services.
 Long Term Evolution (LTE)
LTE is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for
mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and
UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed
using new modulation techniques. Its related with the implementation
of forth Generation (4G) technology.
 WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) WiMAX
is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40
MBPS data rates, with the latest update providing up to 1 GBits/s for
fixed stations. WiMAX offers a metropolitan area network with a signal
radius of about 50 km. More data rates than DSL, but Bandwidth must
be shared among multiple users and thus yields lower speeds in
practice.
 Near Field Communication (NFC)
 NFC is a set of standards for Smartphones and similar devices
to establish radio communication with each other by touching
them together or bringing them into close proximity, usually no
more than a few centimeters.
 Present and anticipated applications include contactless
transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more
complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is
also possible between an NFC device and an unpowered NFC
chip, called a "tag".
5G

5G is the 5th generation of mobile technology.

The move to 5G is to give consumers and
businesses a faster, more responsive and
overall more powerful experience.

What does that mean in real terms? To start,
superior speeds when downloading movies or
shows, less lag while video chatting, better
performance with multiple devices connected
and a more seamless experience when
gaming.
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Disadvantage of Mobile Computing :

Battery consumption hindrance

Interference is persisted in shielding.

Inefficient bandwidth in transmission.

Connection losses over entire network.

Network stability.

Interoperability problem.

Protection constraints.

Potential health hazards
Thank You!